Abstract
The direct laser writing technique based on two-photon polymerization (TPP) has evolved considerably over the past two decades. Its remarkable characteristics, such as 3D capability, sub-diffraction resolution, material flexibility, and gentle processing conditions, have made it suitable for several applications in photonics and biosciences. In this review, we present an overview of the progress of TPP towards the fabrication of functionalized microstructures, whispering gallery mode (WGM) microresonators, and microenvironments for culturing microorganisms. We also describe the key physical-chemical fundamentals underlying the technique, the typical experimental setups, and the different materials employed for TPP.
Highlights
The processing of materials by ultrashort lasers, which allows high precision-patterning of 2D and 3D micro/nanostructures, has become a cornerstone technology for a wide range of areas related to academic research and engineering [1]
two-photon polymerization (TPP) leverages the nonlinear nature of two-photon absorption to fabricate 3D polymeric microstructures with arbitrary geometries and sub-diffraction features [9]
This paper summarizes the advances of TPP towards three of its major applications: functionalized microstructures, whispering gallery modedriven (WGM)
Summary
The processing of materials by ultrashort lasers, which allows high precision-patterning of 2D and 3D micro/nanostructures, has become a cornerstone technology for a wide range of areas related to academic research and engineering [1]. Microstructures containing movable parts, fine-tuning of thenanotweezers structure dimensions, the integration of the fabricated structures into a [23], microgears [24], and micropump setups [35], have been demonstrated This summarizes the advances of TPP towardsthe three of its major applications: range of substrates, and itspaper material flexibility, have pushed forward design and pofunctionalized microstructures, whispering mode (WGM). TPP, such as along with its 3D capability and gentle processing conditions, has made it well suited for fine-tuning of the structure dimensions, the integration of the fabricated structures into the fabrication of bioactive microscaffolds with spatially varying properties. TPP, along with its 3D capability and gentle processingthe conditions, has madeWe it well suited subsequently show experimental and different materials employed in forthe the typical fabrication of bioactive setups microscaffolds with spatially varying properties.
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