Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials (e.g., graphene) have shown to have a high potential in future biomedical applications due to their unique physicochemical properties such as unusual electrical conductivity, high biocompatibility, large surface area, and extraordinary thermal and mechanical properties. Although the potential of graphene as the most common 2D nanomaterials in biomedical applications has been extensively investigated, the practical use of other nanoengineered 2D materials beyond graphene such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), topological insulators (TIs), phosphorene, antimonene, bismuthene, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and MXenes for biomedical applications have not been appreciated so far. This review highlights not only the unique opportunities of 2D nanomaterials beyond graphene in various biomedical research areas such as bioelectronics, imaging, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine but also addresses the risk factors and challenges ahead from the medical perspective and clinical translation of nanoengineered 2D materials. In conclusion, the perspectives and future roadmap of nanoengineered 2D materials beyond graphene are outlined for biomedical applications.
Highlights
Two-dimensional nanomaterials (2DNMs) received remarkable attention within the scientific communities as a class of new nanomaterials in recent years. 2DNMs, which range from nanometer to micrometer scales, have one or a few atomic thicknesses and are one of the most promising materials for biomedical applications owing to their special structure and unique properties [1,2]
This feature of 2DNMs can be exhibited in their use in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and catalysis which can further be applied in photodynamic therapy (PDT) and biocatalysis [10]
Observation and microcomputed tomography analysis of Ti3C2-bioactive glass (BG) scaffold (TBGS) implants in Sprague–Dawley rats after 24 weeks displayed boosted bone-tissue regeneration, which confirmed better osteogenic performance of TBGS compared to the bare one (Figure 13f–h)
Summary
Two-dimensional nanomaterials (2DNMs) received remarkable attention within the scientific communities as a class of new nanomaterials in recent years. 2DNMs, which range from nanometer to micrometer scales, have one or a few atomic thicknesses and are one of the most promising materials for biomedical applications owing to their special structure and unique properties [1,2]. Mechanical exfoliation, or the so-called “scotch-tape method”, is a conventional process to peel off bulk layered material into single or several layers of nanometer sheets by using the adhesive force of scotch tape [22,46] In this type of exfoliation method, thin 2DNMs are obtained by weakening the van der Waals interaction between the layers without breaking the in-plane covalent bonds of each layer [47]. In 2004 Novoselov and co-workers obtained the first single layer graphene by a mechanical cleavage method from small crystals of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (Figure 8a) [47] Since this method has been widely used for exfoliation of various kinds of 2DNMs such as h-BN and TMDs [22]. Tuning the physical properties such as thickness and strain plays an important role in controlling the other properties of 2DNMs such as their optical and electronic characteristics which enable them to be used in a variety of therapeutics
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