Abstract
Since the successful exfoliation of graphene from graphite in 2004, research on two-dimensional crystals has attracted significant attention. An increasing number of new two-dimensional materials have been synthesized, ranging from graphene-like crystals such as hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) and germanene, to three-atom-thick transition-metal dichalcogenides, and to layered oxides and hydroxides. A wide spectrum of electronic and magnetic properties of great interest have been discovered in these new two-dimensional materials. In this chapter, we review the history and current status of research on group IVA two-dimensional crystals, i. e., graphene, silicene, germanene, and stanene. We give an overall summary of the syntheses of these two-dimensional crystals, especially epitaxial growth in an ultrahigh-vacuum environment. We hope that the knowledge gained from the reviewed systems will guide the design and synthesis of other two-dimensional crystals.
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