“Two warring ideals”: Double consciousness, dialogue, and African American patriotism post-9/11

Abstract

This article explores how African American expressions of patriotism in post-9/11 America vary according to whether they are stated in a conversational context that is All-Black, Biracial, or Multiracial. With a sample of 87 students from a large, Midwestern, public university, a quasi-experimental focus group design was employed in April of 2002. All-Black groups voiced a wide range of sentiments about patriotism and double consciousness. Biracial groups were often polarized.