Two-Step Nucleation and Growth of InP Quantum Dots via Magic-Sized Cluster Intermediates

Abstract

We report on the role of magic-sized clusters (MSCs) as key intermediates in the synthesis of indium phosphide quantum dots (InP QDs) from molecular precursors. Heterogeneous growth from the MSCs directly to InP QDs was observed without intermediate sized particles. These observations suggest that previous efforts to control nucleation and growth by tuning precursor reactivity have been undermined by formation of these kinetically persistent MSCs prior to QD formation. The thermal stability of InP MSCs is influenced by the presence of exogenous bases as well as choice of the anionic ligand set. Addition of a primary amine, a common additive in previous InP QD syntheses, to carboxylate-terminated MSCs was found to bypass the formation of MSCs, allowing for homogeneous growth of InP QDs through a continuum of isolable sizes. Substitution of the carboxylate ligand set for a phosphonate ligand set increased the thermal stability of one particular InP MSC to 400 °C. The structure and optical properties of the MSCs with both carboxylate and phosphonate ligand sets were studied by UV–vis absorption spectroscopy, powder XRD analysis, and solution 31P{1H} and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Finally, the carboxylate-terminated MSCs were identified as effective single-source precursors (SSPs) for the synthesis of high-quality InP QDs. Employing InP MSCs as SSPs for QDs effectively decouples the formation of MSCs from the subsequent second nucleation event and growth of InP QDs. The concentration dependence of this SSP reaction, as well as the shape uniformity of particles observed by TEM suggests that the stepwise growth from MSCs directly to QDs proceeds via a second nucleation event rather than an aggregative growth mechanism.