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Abstract
A critical challenge for 5G is transitioning to the mm-Wave spectrum. Despite providing unprecedented data rates, mm-Waves also suffer high path loss, atmospheric absorption, and higher fluctuating channel conditions, sparking numerous paradigm shifts in the smartphone industry. Extending mm-Wave communications to smartphones requires first a comprehensive study to identify the antenna design/smartphone implementation challenges that impact the quality of communications. This work proposes a two-step assessment metric, the mmWAESI, to evaluate mm-Wave antennas’ potential and limitations regarding their impact on system performance. First, it analyzes the spatial distribution of the smartphone-integrated beam steering array’s radiated power. Then, it evaluates the antenna’s influence on the MIMO performance, using a discrete, time-variant geometrical MIMO channel simulator to recreate any mm-Wave propagation scenario. For enhanced accuracy, mmWAESI accounts simultaneously for several communication aspects: antenna type, realistic radiation patterns, mobile phone form factor constraints, phone orientation, and user influence. The method is illustrated for two different 4-element linear arrays at 39 GHz, based on patch or monopole elements, integrated into smartphones. Their performance is compared under similar conditions, revealing that, unless array switching is employed, the smartphone’s form factor and user influence will mask any potential advantage of the unperturbed array characteristics.
Highlights
Despite the existence of mm-Wave antennas in radio infrastructures being deployed in the near future, mm-Wave antenna technologies for 5G cellular handsets are still at their early stages. ere is still no standardized method to design and implement these antennas in mobile phones due to the lack of knowledge on mm-Wave 5G wireless system benchmarks [5]. is prevents the impact evaluation of International Journal of Antennas and Propagation design parameters such as user influence, handset effects, and gain coverage, since there is not a reference for comparison.is paper proposes a methodology, the mm-Wave Antenna Evaluation for Smartphone Implementation method, a practical procedure intended to evaluate the performance of different MIMO mm-Wave antenna implementations in a 5G system for smartphone implementation
In the second step of the method, the MIMO Performance Step, a MATLAB developed channel model was implemented to create different types of mm-Wave propagation scenarios and measure how contingent the MIMO performance is on the user rotating the user equipment (UE), disturbing its alignment with the base station (BS). is channel model employs antenna radiation patterns and characteristics obtained from the 3D electromagnetic solver Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio, which depict the antennas behavior more realistically than purely mathematical-based models usually used for channel simulations
To tackle all these challenges, this paper proposes the mm-Wave Antenna Evaluation for Smartphone Implementation (mmWAESI) method that provides a more realistic analysis in terms of coverage and MIMO performance for mm-Wave antenna implementation in smartphones
Summary
Despite the existence of mm-Wave antennas in radio infrastructures being deployed in the near future, mm-Wave antenna technologies for 5G cellular handsets are still at their early stages. ere is still no standardized method to design and implement these antennas in mobile phones due to the lack of knowledge on mm-Wave 5G wireless system benchmarks [5]. is prevents the impact evaluation of International Journal of Antennas and Propagation design parameters such as user influence, handset effects, and gain coverage, since there is not a reference for comparison. Is paper proposes a methodology, the mm-Wave Antenna Evaluation for Smartphone Implementation (mmWAESI) method, a practical procedure intended to evaluate the performance of different MIMO mm-Wave antenna implementations in a 5G system for smartphone implementation It does so by blending two dimensions of antenna performance analysis: multipath channel modeling and realistic antenna characterization and environment constraints. Is channel model employs antenna radiation patterns and characteristics obtained from the 3D electromagnetic solver Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio, which depict the antennas behavior more realistically than purely mathematical-based models usually used for channel simulations It accounts for the beam steering and codebook size, the effects of the handset’s metallic casing, the phone’s rotation and orientation with reference to the base station, the user blockage, and the depolarization effects, and it includes configurable multipath scenarios.
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