Abstract
A study on two-step biodiesel production of agricultural by-products, namely palm oil derived using activated bleaching earth )UABE), collected from the Oleen Palm Oil industrial refining plant consisting of 22.4 % of waste oil. This waste oil showed free fatty acid content and a saponification value of 15.5 % and 199.7 mg KOH/g, respectively. The FFA content after esterification should be approximately 1.0%, not only to save glycerol and the catalyst involved in the esterification but also to achieve high biodiesel conversion during the transesterification. An alkaline catalyst was successfully used to produce biodiesel in the second step. A 97.6% conversion to biodiesel based on the European Standard EN 14214:2003 was achieved under the conditions (1.0% NaOH catalyst relative to waste oil, the molar ratio of free fatty acid, and methanol of 1:13.22, 60ºC, 1h). Overall, this novel two-step process achieved highly enhanced biodiesel conversion (74.6% to 100.0%) with a significantly increased molar ratio of free fatty acid and methanol (1:2.71 to 1:15.89) and catalyst requirements (1.0% NaOH).
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