Abstract
Oil palm shell (OPS) was converted to bio-oil in supercritical ethanol–water via one- and two-stage liquefaction. In the 1st stage, the OPS liquefaction was performed using 5 or 10% by weight (wt%) NaOH or KOH as the catalyst at 330 °C and an initial hydrogen (H2) pressure of 4 MPa. In the 2nd stage, the solid residue (SR) from 1st stage was again liquefied using 5 wt% catalyst (NaOH or KOH) at otherwise the same conditions as before. For the one-stage liquefaction, 10 wt% KOH gave the maximum yield of bio-oil and SR (61.9% and 27.3%, respectively) and the highest energy equivalent ratio (1.012). In the two-stage liquefaction using 10 wt% KOH in the 1st stage, using 5 wt% KOH in the 2nd stage gave the maximum yield of bio-oil (18.8%), which was lower than in the 1st stage liquefaction using the same catalyst type. However, the total bio-oil production in the two-stages was higher than in the one-stage liquefaction. The heating value of the obtained bio-oil was in the range of 26.2–32.5 MJ/kg, with the main components, as analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, being phenols, esters, alcohols and benzene derivatives.
Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
