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Abstract
The revealing mechanism of side reactions is crucial for obtaining theoretical yield in industrialization when 2,5-bis(methoxymethyl)furan (BMMF) yield is above 95%. By-products catalyzed by the conventional ZSM-5 (C-ZSM-5) and hierarchical porous ZSM-5 (HP-ZSM-5) catalytic systems were different, and some key by-products were identified. Thus, possible pathways were proposed, which helps to further improve BMMF selectivity. Additionally, HP-ZSM-5 exhibited quicker reaction rate, higher BMMF yield and selectivity, and slower deactivation process. The relatively weak acidity of HP-ZSM-5 suppresses the ring-opening reaction and subsequent side reactions, and introduction of mesopores improves mass transport and slightly increases hydration of 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan (BHMF).
Highlights
Furanic diethers, potential alternatives of biofuels or diesel additives, can protect the environment by reducing CO2, NOX, and SOX emission [1,2,3]
X-ray diffraction (XRD) results show that all patterns of two catalysts are consistent with the reported Mobil Five (MFI)-structured materials [19], and no additional crystalline phases are observed (Figure S1)
The curve of HP-ZSM-5 is categorized as a type-IV isotherm, associated with capillary condensation occurring in the mesopores [21]
Summary
Potential alternatives of biofuels or diesel additives, can protect the environment by reducing CO2 , NOX , and SOX emission [1,2,3]. 5-(tert-butoxymethyl)furfural (t-BMF) can mix with commercial diesel without any flocculation problems and increases the cetane number [4]. The European Stationary Cycle test has already revealed that 2,5-bis(ethoxymetheyl)furan (BEMF) has no significant difference in engine operation for all tested blending ratios [1]. Obtaining highly efficient production of 2,5-bis(alkoxymethyl)furan (BAMF) is vital for the future industrialization. Some works have been conducted about furanic diethers synthesis, especially about 2,5bis(methoxymethyl)furan (BMMF), a typical furanic diether. Lee et al studied the catalytic activity of Amberlyst-15 in the etherification of 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan (BHMF) with methanol, and attained
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