Abstract
Laser scanners are an integral part of high resolution biomedical imaging systems such as confocal or 2-photon excitation (2PE) microscopes. In this work, we demonstrate the utility of electrowetting on dielectric (EWOD) prisms as a lateral laser-scanning element integrated in a conventional 2PE microscope. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first such demonstration for EWOD prisms. EWOD devices provide a transmissive, low power consuming, and compact alternative to conventional adaptive optics, and hence this technology has tremendous potential. We demonstrate 2PE microscope imaging of cultured mouse hippocampal neurons with a FOV of 130 × 130 μm2 using EWOD prism scanning. In addition, we show simulations of the optical system with the EWOD prism, to evaluate the effect of propagating a Gaussian beam through the EWOD prism on the imaging quality. Based on the simulation results a beam size of 0.91 mm full width half max was chosen to conduct the imaging experiments, resulting in a numerical aperture of 0.17 of the imaging system.
Highlights
An important component of high resolution microscopes is a scanner for the light source, in order to build up an image
Since the electrowetting on dielectric (EWOD) prism acts as a diverging lens, a commercially available tunable converging lens (Optotune EL-10-30) was placed before the EWOD prism to focus the beam spot on the CCD camera
We have demonstrated non-mechanical beam scanning in a 2-photon excitation (2PE) microscope using a two electrode EWOD prism
Summary
An important component of high resolution microscopes is a scanner for the light source, in order to build up an image. Standard microscopes utilize mirrors controlled by moving magnet galvanometers (galvo mirrors) [1]. The fast axis scanner can be used in resonance mode with kHz range resonance frequencies to reduce the imaging scan time. Additional transmissive laser scanning techniques such as Risley prisms [2], and acousto-optic beam deflectors [3] have been demonstrated for high resolution microscopy. With growing interest in miniature microscopes for in vivo neuronal imaging, there is room for developing alternative technology that can be integrated into the microscope objective to provide lateral and axial laser scanning. Transmissive adaptive optics based on electrowetting on dielectric (EWOD) technology offer an attractive solution, with simplicity and low cost
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