Abstract
Direct laser writing with an ultrashort laser beam pulses has emerged as a cost-effective single step technology for realizing high spatial resolution features of three-dimensional structures in confined footprints with potential for large area fabrication. Here we present the two-photon direct laser writing technology to develop high-performance stretchable biomimetic three-dimensional micro-supercapacitors with the fractal electrode distance down to 1 µm. With multilayered graphene oxide films, we show the charge transfer capability enhanced by order of 102 while the energy storage density exceeds the results in current lithium-ion batteries. The stretchability and the volumetric capacitance are increased to 150% and 86 mF/cm3 (0.181 mF/cm2), respectively. This additive nanofabrication method is highly desirable for the development of self-sustainable stretchable energy storage integrated with wearable technologies. The flexible and stretchable energy storage with a high energy density opens the new opportunity for on-chip sensing, imaging, and monitoring.
Highlights
Energy storage demands for the technological advancements in micro-stretchable, wearable, and portable applications[1] have enhanced the requirement of self-powered and self-sustaining systems which need to be supported by an integrable high-performance energy storage in confined footprints and light weights[2]
Direct laser writing (DLW) with ultrashot femtosecond laser beams has been adopted to generate 3D MSCs6–8, two-photon excitation induced in the focus of a high-numerical objective has not been explored
We demonstrate the fabrication of a bioinspired 3D two-photon-induced (2PI)-graphene MSC directly on an elastomeric polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate, using the two-photon direct laser writing (DLW) approach to generate the electrode inter-distance down to 1 mm (Fig. 1(a)) in 40 minutes of fabrication time
Summary
Energy storage demands for the technological advancements in micro-stretchable, wearable, and portable applications[1] have enhanced the requirement of self-powered and self-sustaining systems which need to be supported by an integrable high-performance energy storage in confined footprints and light weights[2]. The deliverable aerial capacitance from that MSCs4 is minimal for powering micro-devices which limit the potential of autonomous systems To address this challenge, three-dimensional (3D) energy storages have emerged as a new concept which can potentially enable the miniaturization and integrability in a single platform without losing the performance of energy storages by the effective utilization of the volumetric capacitance performance[5]. Due to the 3D confinement in the tight focus[10], this technology has opened the enormous potential for the industrial scale production[11] As a result, this single-step fabrication technique has generated various complex 3D and free-standing structures at micron and sub-micron scales in telecommunications[12], biomedical applications[13], free-form optics[14] and displays[15]. The stretchability and the volumetric capacitance reach 150% and 86 mF/cm[3] (0.181 mF/cm2), respectively, which are enhanced by more than three times and 100 times compared with the state of the art results[17]
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