Two-party secure semiquantum summation against the collective-dephasing noise

Abstract

In this paper, we propose a two-party semiquantum summation protocol, where two classical users can accomplish the summation of their private binary sequences with the assistance of a quantum semi-honest third party (TP). The term ‘semi-honest’ implies that TP cannot conspire with others but is able to implement all kinds of attacks. This protocol employs logical qubits as traveling particles to overcome the negative influence of collective–dephasing noise and need not make any two parties pre-share a random secret key. The security analysis turns out that this protocol can effectively prevent the outside attacks from Eve and the participant attacks from TP. Moreover, TP has no knowledge about the summation results.