Abstract
This paper investigates the use of stability factors to estimate tunnel heading pressures. The primary method adopted is a conventional equation based on the soil property and stability factors, analogous to the bearing capacity factors (Nc, Ns and Nγ) of strip footings. The finite element limit analysis (FELA) is employed to determine rigorous upper bound (UB) and lower bound (LB) solutions of stability factors (Fc, Fs and Fγ), which are functions of the depth ratio (C/D) and soil internal friction angle (Ø). The obtained results are compared and validated by using the finite difference analysis as well as other available published results in the literature. A number of examples are illustrated on how to use the factors to estimate tunnel heading pressures.
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