Abstract
Current advancements in the development of functional nanomaterials and precisely designed nanostructures have created new opportunities for the fabrication of practical biosensors for field analysis. Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) nanomaterials provide unique hierarchical structures, high surface area, and layered configurations with multiple length scales and porosity, and the possibility to create functionalities for targeted recognition at their surface. Such hierarchical structures offer prospects to tune the characteristics of materials—e.g., the electronic properties, performance, and mechanical flexibility—and they provide additional functions such as structural color, organized morphological features, and the ability to recognize and respond to external stimuli. Combining these unique features of the different types of nanostructures and using them as support for bimolecular assemblies can provide biosensing platforms with targeted recognition and transduction properties, and increased robustness, sensitivity, and selectivity for detection of a variety of analytes that can positively impact many fields. Herein, we first provide an overview of the recently developed 2D nanostructures focusing on the characteristics that are most relevant for the design of practical biosensors. Then, we discuss the integration of these materials with bio-elements such as bacteriophages, antibodies, nucleic acids, enzymes, and proteins, and we provide examples of applications in the environmental, food, and clinical fields. We conclude with a discussion of the manufacturing challenges of these devices and opportunities for the future development and exploration of these nanomaterials to design field-deployable biosensors.
Highlights
The development of practical biosensors that can detect low concentrations of analytes inexpensively and rapidly has been the subject of intensive investigations with the goal to advance measurement sciences in fields such as clinical diagnostic, environmental monitoring, and food safety [1,2]
The success of biosensors as measurement tools relies on achieving the robustness and accuracy necessary to compete with conventional analytical tools for field analysis
Comparing k◦ of grapheneME, grapheneCVD, and graphiteBP, it was observed that heterogeneous electron transfer rates follow the order: grapheneME (0.5 cm s−1 ) >
Summary
The development of practical biosensors that can detect low concentrations of analytes inexpensively and rapidly has been the subject of intensive investigations with the goal to advance measurement sciences in fields such as clinical diagnostic, environmental monitoring, and food safety [1,2]. The recent development of layered and precisely designed hierarchical nanostructures provides opportunities for creating multiscale structures with controlled functions and improved electrical, optical, and mechanical properties. The layered materials have the desired mechanical stability but lack sufficient electronic, optical, or surface properties necessary for field functional devices. They have been interfaced with materials possessing these functions, creating a variety of more complex hybrid structures. Layered or multidimensional nanomaterials have gained significant attention in the biosensing field due to their high surface area, functionalized surface, and quantum size effect [11] Their implementation in the biosensing field requires modification in order to impart selectivity and sensitivity for the detection of analytes within useful limits [12].
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