Abstract
Peripheral nerve tissues possess the ability to regenerate within artificial nerve scaffolds, however, despite the advance of biomaterials that support nerve regeneration, the functional nerve recovery remains unsatisfactory. Importantly, the incorporation of two-dimensional nanomaterials has shown to significantly improve the therapeutic effect of conventional nerve scaffolds. In this review, we examine whether two-dimensional nanomaterials facilitate angiogenesis and thereby promote peripheral nerve regeneration. First, we summarize the major events occurring after peripheral nerve injury. Second, we discuss that the application of two-dimensional nanomaterials for peripheral nerve regeneration strategies by facilitating the formation of new vessels. Then, we analyze the mechanism that the newly-formed capillaries directionally and metabolically support neuronal regeneration. Finally, we prospect that the two-dimensional nanomaterials should be a potential solution to long range peripheral nerve defect. To further enhance the therapeutic effects of two-dimensional nanomaterial, strategies which help remedy the energy deficiency after peripheral nerve injury could be a viable solution.
Highlights
Peripheral nerve tissues possess the ability to regenerate within artificial nerve scaffolds, despite the advance of biomaterials that support nerve regeneration, the functional nerve recovery remains unsatisfactory
We examine whether two-dimensional nanomaterials facilitate angiogenesis and thereby promote peripheral nerve regeneration
2D nanomaterials exhibit enhanced and tunable electronic, physical and chemical properties due to their distinctive phase, crystallinity, degree of exfoliation, stability and fundamental limitation of thickness (Rohaizad et al, 2021). As it is the case for the well-known electroactive nature of peripheral nerve tissue (Yao et al, 2021), 2D nanomaterials possess remarkable electrical properties making them ideal candidates for improving the outcomes of peripheral nerve injuries (PNI) (Qian et al, 2019d)
Summary
NVC, Nerve conduction velocity; DCMAP, Distal compound motor action potential; VEGF, Vascular endothelial growth factor; CD, Cluster differentiation; /: Not applicable. We summarize the applications of 2D nanomaterials in aiding PNR and focus on the mechanism of new-vessel guided regeneration. We summarize the major physiological events occurring after PNI. We describe the application of 2D nanomaterials in peripheral nerve engineering and the corresponding therapeutic effects. We analyze the mechanism by that the newly-formed capillaries provide directionality and metabolic support for neural regeneration. We discuss the use of 2D nanomaterial-based neural regeneration devices as a potential biomedical strategy to improve long range peripheral nerve defects, and how that could help to remedy the energy deficiency after PNI
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