Two-Dimensional Material Interface Engineering for Efficient Perovskite Large-Area Modules

Abstract

In this work, we demonstrate the successful application of two-dimensional (2D) materials, i.e., graphene and functionalized MoS2, in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) by interface engineering the standard mesoscopic n–i–p structure. The use of 2D materials has the dual role to improve both the stability and the overall power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the PSCs compared to standard devices. The application of 2D materials is successfully extended to large-area perovskite solar modules (PSMs), achieving PCEs of 13.4% and 15.3% on active areas of 108 cm2 and 82 cm2, respectively. This performance results in record-high active area-indexed aperture PCE (AIAPCE) of 1266.5% cm2. In addition, the 2D materials-based PSMs show a stability under a prolonged (>1000 h) thermal stress test at 65 °C (ISOS-D2), representing a crucial advancement in the exploitation of perovskite photovoltaic technology.