Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials such as graphene, graphene oxide, transition metal oxide, MXene and others have shown high potential for the design and fabrication of various sensors and biosensors due to their 2D layered structure and unique properties. Compared to traditional fluorescent, electrochemical, and electrical biosensors, colorimetric biosensors exhibit several advantages including naked-eye determination, low cost, quick response, and easy fabrication. In this review, we present recent advances in the design, fabrication, and applications of 2D material-based high-performance colorimetric biosensors. Potential colorimetric sensing mechanisms and optimal material selection as well as sensor fabrication are introduced in brief. In addition, colorimetric biosensors based on different 2D materials such as graphene, transition metal dichalcogenide/oxide, MXenes, metal–organic frameworks, and metal nanoplates for the sensitive detection of DNA, proteins, viruses, small molecules, metallic ions, and others are presented and discussed in detail. This work will be helpful for readers to understand the knowledge of 2D material modification, nanozymes, and the synthesis of hybrid materials; meanwhile, it could be valuable to promote the design, fabrication, and applications of 2D material-based sensors and biosensors in quick bioanalysis and disease diagnostics.
Highlights
We specially focus on the design of colorimetric biosensors based on typical 2D materials, such as graphene, transition metal dichalcogenide/oxide (TMD/TMO), MXenes, metal–organic framework (MOF), and 2D metal nanoplates
From the above case studies, it can be found that the sensing mechanisms of 2D material-based colorimetric biosensors include mainly the nanozyme-mediated TMB/H2 O2 reaction, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) change, and fluorescent switch
Based on the SPR change of AuNPs and AgNPs, 2D materials can bind with these color NPs to form hybrid nanomaterials
Summary
The fabrication and application of high-performance sensors and biosensors have attracted great attention due to their high sensitivity and good selectivity [1,2,3], in which the colorimetric sensors exhibited a few advantages compared with other traditional electronic, electrochemical, fluorescent, and optical sensors, such as naked-eye determination and quick detection, without needing complicated instruments and with low cost [4,5,6]. At present, microfabricated amperometric sensors and biosensors have been successfully applied to environmental testing, drug analysis, and biomedical applications [26] In another case, Kangas and co-workers summarized how to carry out real-time identification of potential threats of weapons and explosives using colorimetric sensor arrays [27]. We demonstrate recent research progress on the design, fabrication, and applications of 2D material-based colorimetric biosensors. For this aim, first we present the sensing mechanisms of various colorimetric sensors and introduce potential. The cases on the detection of DNA, proteins, viruses, metallic ions, small molecules, and others by 2D material-based colorimetric biosensors are introduced and discussed in detail. The challenges and potential development of 2D materials for colorimetric analysis are presented
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