Abstract
ABSTRACT: Analysis of locomotion is often used as a measure for impairment and recovery following experimental peripheral nerve injury. Compared to rodents, sheep offer several advantages for studying peripheral nerve regeneration. In the present study, we compared for the first time, two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) hindlimb kinematics during obstacle avoidance in the ovine model. This study obtained kinematic data to serve as a template for an objective assessment of the ankle joint motion in future studies of common peroneal nerve (CP) injury and repair in the ovine model. The strategy used by the sheep to bring the hindlimb over a moderately high obstacle, set to 10% of its hindlimb length, was pronounced knee, ankle and metatarsophalangeal flexion when approaching and clearing the obstacle. Despite the overall time course kinematic patterns about the hip, knee, ankle, and metatarsophalangeal were identical, we found significant differences between values of the 2D and 3D joint angular motion. Our results showed that the most apparent changes that occurred during the gait cycle were for the ankle (2D-measured STANCEmax: 157±2.4 degrees vs. 3D-measured STANCEmax: 151±1.2 degrees; P<.05) and metatarsophalangeal joints (2D-measured STANCEmin: 151±2.2 degrees vs. 3D-measured STANCEmin: 162 ± 2.2 degrees; P<.01 and 2D-measured TO: 163±4.9 degrees vs. 3D-measured TO: 177±1.4 degrees; P<.05), whereas the hip and knee joints were much less affected. Data and techniques described here are useful for an objective assessment of altered gait after CP injury and repairin an ovine model.
Highlights
Técnicas bidimensionais e tridimensionais para determinar os padrões cinemáticos durante a ultrapassagem de obstáculos pelos membros pélvicos durante a locomoção de ovinos
Because of their spread distribution throughout the body, peripheral nerves are subject to traumatic injuries in animals and humans (MOHANNA et al, 2003; FORTERRE et al, 2007; SIEMIONOW & BRZEZICKI, 2009).Given that most experimental studies on microsurgical repair have been performed on major hindlimb nerves, animal gait analysis is often used as a measure for impairment and recovery
Spatio-temporal measurements Mean (± S.D.) values obtained for the whole group were 1.36 ± 0.10 m/s for walking speed, 693 ± 45 ms for gait cycle duration, 416 ± 57 ms for stance duration, 277 ± 25 ms for swing duration, 94 ± 5.0 cm for stride length and 10.1 ± 0.8 cm for maximal vertical displacement (MVD) during obstacle avoidance
Summary
Técnicas bidimensionais e tridimensionais para determinar os padrões cinemáticos durante a ultrapassagem de obstáculos pelos membros pélvicos durante a locomoção de ovinos. Palavras-chave: quadrúpede, análise de marcha em 2D e 3D, biomecânica, ângulo articular, lesão do nervo periférico Because of their spread distribution throughout the body, peripheral nerves are subject to traumatic injuries in animals and humans (MOHANNA et al, 2003; FORTERRE et al, 2007; SIEMIONOW & BRZEZICKI, 2009).Given that most experimental studies on microsurgical repair have been performed on major hindlimb nerves, animal gait analysis is often used as a measure for impairment and recovery. Nerves in sheep and in humans have similar size and regeneration behaviour (GLASBY et al, 1993; FULLARTON et al, 2001) They are attractive models for biomedical and basic biological research because of availability and they can be kept in natural groups with very basic housing demands. It seems reasonable to assume that the hip, knee, ankle and metatarsophalangeal joints may translate out of a parasagittal plane under some conditions, such as obstacle avoidance
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