Abstract
This paper is a review of 20 years of full-scale experience with the granular sludge-based ANAMMOX process. The ANAMMOX process is a biological deammonification process for energy-efficient removal of ammoniacal nitrogen, which has been successfully applied on dewatering reject liquors from biosolids sludge digesters (e.g., mesophilic anaerobic digestions, codigestion, thermal sludge hydrolysis process (THP)) and nutrient-rich anaerobically treated industrial effluents (e.g., fermentation industry, food industry). The ANAMMOX process is a continuously operated biological process using granular biomass. The highly active concentrated granular biomass allows for compact reactor systems and a fast start-up. Long term operations of various case studies show stable process performance of full-scale reactors treating municipal and industrial effluents, achieving ammoniacal nitrogen (NH4-N) removal in excess of 90% at low and high loading rates up to 2.5 kgNH4-N/(m3·d). Some special aspects (e.g., micro-nutrients, inhibition, alkalinity consumption) of treating various wastewaters are discussed in detail. The ANAMMOX process is demonstrated to be resilient in handling process upsets and off-spec wastewater composition.
Highlights
The ANAMMOX process is a biological deammonification process for energyefficient removal of ammoniacal nitrogen, which has been successfully applied on dewatering reject liquors from biosolids sludge digesters (e.g., mesophilic anaerobic digestions, codigestion, thermal sludge hydrolysis process (THP)) and nutrient-rich anaerobically treated industrial effluents
The reject liquors’ ammoniacal nitrogen load might increase up to 30% in case of co-digestion or even up to 50% if thermal sludge hydrolysis (THP) is applied and the sewage treatmentatworks (STW) acts as a sludge center that handles external sludge imports from other STWs [7]
Other cases for possible dosing of micro-nutrients are efflustoichiometry. This could be caused by partialcomponents removal of, such as,denifor trification. Another possibility is the effect of sludge age on this ratio, since the formation example, reject liquors from certain organic waste digestion or dewatering reject liquors of nitrate by Anammox is linkedincluding to growth
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. COD (carbon source) content but might still contain relatively high concentrations of ammoniacal nitrogen (NH4 -N) and sometimes ortho-phosphate (PO4 ) These low carbon to nitrogen (C/N) effluents require further dedicated treatment for nitrogen removal. As opposed to conventional biological nitrogen removal by involving full nitrification (NH4 + O2 → NO2 + O2 → NO3 ) and denitrification (NO3 + COD → N2 ), combined partial nitritation (Equation (1)) and anammox (anaerobic ammonium oxidation—Equation (2). Reactor mented as a two-step anammox process treating the effluent of an existing nitritation reactor. In 2006, the first one-step PN/A ANAMMOX reactor by Waterstromen at theby sewage treatmentatworks (STW)treatment of Olburgen in the Netherlands [5]. The anammox process is mostly applied in the sidestream of the main STW treating the dewatering reject liquors from anaerobic sludge digestion.
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