Abstract
Streptomyces, the main antibiotic-producing bacteria, responds to changing environmental conditions through a complex sensing mechanism and two-component systems (TCSs) play a crucial role in this extraordinary “sensing” device.Moreover, TCSs are involved in the biosynthetic control of a wide range of secondary metabolites, among them commercial antibiotics. Increased knowledge about TCSs can be a powerful asset in the manipulation of bacteria through genetic engineering with a view to obtaining higher efficiencies in secondary metabolite production. In this review we summarise the available information about Streptomyces TCSs, focusing specifically on their connections to antibiotic production.
Highlights
Microorganisms included in the genus Streptomyces are Gram-positive bacteria that inhabit soil niches, facing ever changing environmental conditions and nutrient scarcity [1]
Bacteria belonging to the genus Streptomyces harbour a high number of two-component systems (TCSs) in comparison with other bacterial genera, probably due to the changing environment that these organisms must inhabit
The TCS seems to respond to environmental inputs, modulating the timing of both antibiotic production as well as sporulation, and controlling the transition from primary to secondary metabolism [62]
Summary
Microorganisms included in the genus Streptomyces are Gram-positive bacteria that inhabit soil niches, facing ever changing environmental conditions and nutrient scarcity [1]. Transcriptomic analysis revealed an up-regulation of the ACT and RED CSRs actII-ORF4 and redZ respectively in the overproducer strain and a downregulation in the deficient strain In this case, the TCS seems to respond to environmental inputs, modulating the timing of both antibiotic production as well as sporulation, and controlling the transition from primary to secondary metabolism [62]. An alternative strategy that applies the regulatory properties of TCSs is the use of TCS-manipulated strains of S.coelicolor as heterologous hosts in order to hyperproduce different antibiotics or natural products These strains may be either deletion mutant strains or strains in which a kinase or regulator has been overexpressed, resulting in antibiotic overproduction.
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