Abstract
Gram-negative pathogens such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are the leading cause of nosocomial infections throughout the world. One commonality shared among these pathogens is their ubiquitous presence, robust host-colonization and most importantly, resistance to antibiotics. A significant number of two-component systems (TCSs) exist in these pathogens, which are involved in regulation of gene expression in response to environmental signals such as antibiotic exposure. While the development of antimicrobial resistance is a complex phenomenon, it has been shown that TCSs are involved in sensing antibiotics and regulating genes associated with antibiotic resistance. In this review, we aim to interpret current knowledge about the signaling mechanisms of TCSs in these three pathogenic bacteria. We further attempt to answer questions about the role of TCSs in antimicrobial resistance. We will also briefly discuss how specific two-component systems present in K. pneumoniae, A. baumannii, and P. aeruginosa may serve as potential therapeutic targets.
Highlights
Antimicrobial resistance in several infectious pathogens has become a serious public health concern
This review aims to explore the connection between two-component systems (TCSs) and antimicrobial resistance in pathogenic gram-negative bacteria
We focus only on these four TCSs [217,218] as they exist across the three bacteria under discussion and are related to
Summary
Antimicrobial resistance in several infectious pathogens has become a serious public health concern. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Klebsiella pneumoniae are well-known nosocomial pathogens; recent years have seen a worldwide rise in their multi-drug resistant and pan-drug resistant counterparts [6,7,8]. They have been included in the WHO’s list of antibiotic-resistant priority 1 (critical) pathogens [1]. We will focus on three key bacteria: P. aeruginosa, K. pneumonia, and A. baumannii, which pose serious threats to human health [21,22,23] We believe these organisms share a commonality in terms of the mechanism of antibiotic resistance
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