Abstract
Insects encounter infection of microorganisms, and they also harbor endosymbiosis to participate in nutrition providing and act as a defender against pathogens. We previously found the Chinese white wax scale insect, Ericerus pela, was infected and killed by Cladosporium sp. (pathogen). We also found it harbored Cladosporium sp. (endogensis). In this study, we cultured these two Cladosporium fungi and sequenced their genome. The results showed Cladosporium sp. (endogensis) has a larger genome size and more genes than Cladosporium sp. (pathogen). Pan-genome analysis showed Cladosporium sp. (endogensis)-specific genes enriched in pathways related to nutrition production, such as amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and energy metabolism. These pathways were absent in that of Cladosporium sp. (pathogen). Gene Ontology analysis showed Cladosporium sp. (pathogen)-specific genes enriched in the biosynthesis of asperfuranone, emericellamide, and fumagillin. These terms were not found in that of Cladosporium sp. (endogensis). Pathogen Host Interactions analysis found Cladosporium sp. (endogensis) had more genes related to loss of pathogenicity and reduced virulence than Cladosporium sp. (pathogen). Cytotoxicity assay indicated Cladosporium sp. (pathogen) had cytotoxicity, while Cladosporium sp. (endogensis) had no cytotoxicity. These characters reflect the adaptation of endosymbiosis to host-restricted lifestyle and the invader of the entomopathogen to the host.
Highlights
Introduction iationsInsects live in various environments and take diverse lifestyles
We found that some microorganisms contaminated the honeydew secreted by the females of the Chinese white wax scale insect (Ericerus pela) subsequently invade the host and kill them
For Cladosporium sp. sample, the sequences were assembled into 55 contig of 35,654 kb with a N50 length 1750 kb
Summary
The honeydew of the infected E. pela by Cladosporium sp. (pathogen) was collected and washed quickly with 75% ethanol in a 1.5 mL centrifuge tube. (pathogen) was collected and washed quickly with 75% ethanol in a 1.5 mL centrifuge tube. The honeydew was dissolved in different concentrations with sterilized water. The single colony was streak cultured on a new plate, and after several days the single colony was transferred on new plate. These steps were repeated several times until pure fungus clone was obtained. The eggs produced by healthy individuals were washed with 75% ethanol for surface disinfection, and washed with sterile water. The eggs were homogenized after adding about 100 μL PBS in a 1.5 mL centrifuge tube with a pestle. The supernatant was transferred into a new centrifuge tube and dissolved in different concentration. The fungi were cultured in the same way as the honeydew
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