Two birds, one stone: Deep eutectic solvent (DES) modified graphite felt electrode significantly improves performance of DES-electrolyte non-aqueous flow battery

Abstract

In the past, non-aqueous redox flow batteries usually used organic solvents or ionic liquids as electrolytes. However, these two liquids are not suitable as electrolytes in terms of safety and production costs. Herein, we chose a deep eutectic solvent (DES) for non-aqueous redox flow battery. DES has been applied to play two functions in Fe/V non-aqueous redox flow battery: commercial graphite felt electrode is treated with DES and heat treatment for surface modification; DES also acts as a main electrolyte for the non-aqueous redox flow battery. While ensuring no external substances are introduced to produce side reactions, the electrode reaction kinetics are enhanced, and better cyclability is achieved. The modified treatment increases the number of oxygen-containing groups and defect sites on electrode surface. Electrode exhibits higher electrochemical activity and lower charge transfer resistance. In the full battery test, the maximum power density with modified electrode reaches 13.26 mW·cm−2, which is 114% higher than commercial graphite felt electrode. The energy efficiency reaches 90.50% and battery life is extended by 70.58% compared with commercial graphite felt electrode. This study has successfully improved the electrochemical performance of Fe/V DES redox flow battery and provides a novel idea for electrode modification.