Two antidepressants fluoxetine and sertraline cause growth retardation and oxidative stress in the marine rotifer Brachionus koreanus

Abstract

To understand effects of two widely used antidepressant on the antioxidant defense mechanism in the marine rotifer Brachionus koreanus, we assessed acute toxicity and measured population growth, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, glutathione (GSH) levels, and antioxidant enzymatic activities (GST, GR, and SOD) in response to fluoxetine hydrochloride (FLX) and sertraline hydrochloride (SER). The no observed effect concentration-24 h of fluoxetine and sertraline were 1000 μg/L and 450 μg/L, respectively, whereas the median lethal concentration (LC50)-24 h of fluoxetine and sertraline were 1560 μg/L and 507 μg/L, respectively. Both fluoxetine and sertraline caused significant reduction (P < 0.05) in the population growth rate indicating that both antidepressants have a potential adverse effect on life cycle parameters of B. koreanus. The intracellular ROS level and GSH level were significantly modulated (P < 0.05) in response to fluoxetine and sertraline. In addition, antioxidant enzymatic activities have shown significant modulation (P < 0.05) in response to FLX and SER in B. koreanus. Furthermore, transcriptional profiles of antioxidant genes (GSTs, SODs, and GR) have shown modulation in response to FLX compared to SER-exposed B. koreanus. Our results indicate that fluoxetine and sertraline induce oxidative stress, leading to reduction in the population density and modulation of antioxidant defense mechanism in the marine rotifer B. koreanus.