Abstract
A numerical study of two- and three-dimensional natural convection flows of copper oxide water-based nanofluid in a horizontal concentric annulus has been conducted to investigate the influence of Rayleigh number () and nanoparticles volume fraction () on both hydrodynamic and thermal behaviors, and further to examine the difference between two- and three-dimensional simulations. The Brownian motion of nanoparticles is considered in evaluating the effective thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity of nanofluid. The mass, momentum and energy conservation equations are solved numerically by the finite volume method together with the artificial compressibility algorithm for pressure-velocity coupling. The obtained results indicate that the addition of nanoparticles in water leads to an existence of the general flow structure, but causes more complicated changes in flow intensity. The thermal performance of the nanofluid increases with increment of nanoparticles volume fraction up to a critical particle loading at which the maximum heat transfer occurs. The corresponding maximum heat transfer enhancement, at three different Rayleigh numbers (), is approximately 17.2% (19.0%), 11.2% (11.1%), and 13.6% (12.8%) for 2-D (3-D) configuration.
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