Abstract
Cellulose hydrogels and films are advantageous materials that are applied in modern industry and medicine. Cellulose hydrogels have a stable scaffold and never form films upon drying, while viscous cellulose hydrosols are liquids that could be used for film production. So, stabilizing either a gel or sol state in cellulose suspensions is a worthwhile challenge, significant for the practical applications. However, there is no theory describing the cellulose fibers’ behavior and processes underlying cellulose-gel-scaffold stabilizing. In this work, we provide a phenomenological mechanism explaining the transition between the stable-gel and shapeless-sol states in a cellulose suspension. We suppose that cellulose macromolecules and nanofibrils under strong dispersing treatment (such as sonication) partially untwist and dissociate, and then reassemble in a 3D scaffold having the individual elements twisted in the nodes. The latter leads to an exponential increase in friction forces between the fibers and to the corresponding fastening of the scaffold. We confirm our theory by the data on the circular dichroism of the cellulose suspensions, as well as by the direct scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations and theoretical assessments.
Highlights
Cellulose is a common biological polymer, widely used in industry due to its excellent mechanical properties, biodegradability, and comparatively low cost
Based on scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations, we proposed that gel-state stabilization after sonication occurs due to the occasional mutual twisting of the cellulose fibrils that leads to forming the continuous 3D lattice
Cellulose nanofibrils can stick together to form a 3D net that serves as the gel scaffold [25,39], or to form the dense and transparent or even colored films [2,31]
Summary
Cellulose is a common biological polymer, widely used in industry due to its excellent mechanical properties, biodegradability, and comparatively low cost. Natural cellulose (and chitin) consists of macroscopic fibers composed of smaller and mechanically stronger helical elements [1,2,3]. The smallest building block of the natural cellulose is an elementary fibril or nanofibril, which is a twisted bundle of parallel cellulose chains [2,4,5]. Nanofibrils twist into microfibrils forming helical bundles [11,12,13]. The hierarchical supramolecular organization of cellulose provides for its mechanical properties in nature [1,14]
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