Abstract
Fast-paced growth in global aquaculture has elevated concerns about the high costs of fish farming production and potential water pollution. Thus, finding eco-friendly and more sustainable alternative protein sources for fish diets is of vital importance to the industry. A twin-screw extrusion processing study was performed using three ingredient blends formulated with graded levels of high protein fermented soybean meal (FSBM) (0, 80% and 100% db fishmeal replacement) along with calculated amounts of other ingredients to meet the rainbow trout diets’ requirements. Increasing the FSBM content from 0% to 100% resulted in a substantial increase in brightness, greenness, and yellowness, and a decrease in bulk density, water absorption index, and unit density (UD) values of the extrudates by 12.5%, 73%, 30%, 7.3%, 27.5%, and 10%, respectively. Compared to the control diet (100% fishmeal-based), extrudate moisture contents increased by 15.2% and 22% for the diets containing 80 and 100% FSBM, respectively; although no change was observed by increasing FSBM from 80 to 100%. The highest water solubility index (WSI) was obtained for 80% FSBM; however, further increasing FSBM did not influence the WSI significantly. All extrudates exhibited low water activity and high pellet durability values (less than 0.5 and more than 99.5%, respectively). The most buoyant extrudates were obtained using total FSBM inclusion, with UD and expansion ratio values of nearly 660 kg/m3 and 1.3, respectively. Overall, results indicated that FSBM could be a promising alternative protein in vegetable-based blends.
Highlights
In response to the burgeoning rate of world population growth, researchers continue to seek to provide an adequate and secure supply of food
Increasing the fermented soybean meal (FSBM) content from 0% to 100% resulted in a substantial increase in brightness, greenness, and yellowness, and a decrease in bulk density, water absorption index, and unit density (UD) values of the extrudates by 12.5%, 73%, 30%, 7.3%, 27.5%, and 10%, respectively
FSBM was procured from NutraFerma (Sioux City, IA); Menhaden fishmeal was purchased from Omega Protein Inc. (Houston, TX); corn gluten meal was from Consumers Supply Distributing Company (Sioux City, IA); wheat flour was purchased from Bob’s Red Mill Natural Foods, Inc. (Milwaukie, OR); carboxyl methyl cellulose (CMC) was provided by USB Corporation (Cleveland, OH); vitamin and mineral premixes were purchased from Lortscher Agri Service, Inc. (Bern, KS), and essential amino acids were provided from USDA
Summary
In response to the burgeoning rate of world population growth, researchers continue to seek to provide an adequate and secure supply of food. In 2011, the total value of fishery product imports (i.e. edible and non-edible) was $30.8 billion, which was $3.4 billion more than that of 2010 (NOAA, 2012). This sector of the economy is growing rapidly and has become very important. Aquaculture has the potential to reduce US dependency on imported seafood products and to provide a secure food supply for the global population in the few decades. Factors such as biological, technical and economic limitations impact the development of aquaculture. The increasing rate of global demand for aquaculture products, coupled with the depletion of wild fish stocks has http://jfr.ccsenet.org
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