Abstract
Ultrasonic imaging systems are becoming important in medicine. Our growing understanding of fundamental acoustical-tissue interactions may contribute important new abilities. Absorption and velocity of the sound vary with the structure of tissue and together determine the resolution and penetration of any diagnostic system. The reflecting and scattering properties of tissues are little known although much can inferred from clinical studies. Quantitative work in scattering is only beginning. Imaging systems can be classified on the basis of their range-versus-depth resolution and scanning time-versus-complexity tradeoffs. Early pulse-echo scanners had such “new” features as real-time imaging and gray scale response. Many medical centers now use contact and waterbath scanners. Newer pulse-echo and CW systems require complex electronics that were not feasible before integrated circuits were available. A promising new area is use of special target properties to identify reflecting objects. For example, working systems identify the Doppler-shifted backscatter from moving blood to map areas of flow. Present systems are adaptable to such imaging techniques.
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