Abstract
Parvoviruses, infecting vertebrates and invertebrates, are a family of single-stranded DNA viruses with small, non-enveloped capsids with T = 1 icosahedral symmetry. A quarter of a century after the first parvovirus capsid structure was published, approximately 100 additional structures have been analyzed. This first structure was that of Canine Parvovirus, and it initiated the practice of structure-to-function correlation for the family. Despite high diversity in the capsid viral protein (VP) sequence, the structural topologies of all parvoviral capsids are conserved. However, surface loops inserted between the core secondary structure elements vary in conformation that enables the assembly of unique capsid surface morphologies within individual genera. These variations enable each virus to establish host niches by allowing host receptor attachment, specific tissue tropism, and antigenic diversity. This review focuses on the diversity among the parvoviruses with respect to the transcriptional strategy of the encoded VPs, the advances in capsid structure-function annotation, and therapeutic developments facilitated by the available structures.
Highlights
The Parvoviridae are linear, single-stranded DNA packaging viruses with genomes of ~4 to6 kb
This review focuses on the transcription mechanism, and the sequenceand structure-based homology of the parvovirus viral protein (VP), as well as the characteristic features of the 1 annotation and the use of structure to guide the parvoviral capsids
The second group, including Periplaneta fulliginosa densovirus (PfDV) and Acheta domestica densovirus (AdDV), has a split cap open reading frame (ORF) for the minor capsid VPs joined by splicing of transcripts, with VP2, VP3, and VP4 expressed from leaky scanning of the unspliced transcript in case of AdDV
Summary
The Parvoviridae are linear, single-stranded DNA packaging viruses with genomes of ~4 to. Parvovirus virions possess small non-enveloped capsids with a diameter of 200 to 280 Å [3,4,5,6,7,8,9] Their T = 1 icosahedral capsids are assembled from 60 viral proteins (VPs) encoded from the right-hand side open reading frame (ORF) (Figures 2 and 3). This ORF, known as cap, encodes up to four different VPs, depending on genus, of varying length, which all share a common C-terminal region [1]. We discuss structure-function development of gene delivery vectors
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