Tween-20 transiently changes the surface morphology of PK-15 cells and improves PCV2 infection

Tao Hua,Lei Feng,Yang Yu,Bo Tang,Jibo Hou,Guoyang Liu,Chen Chang,Daohua Zhang,Xuehua Zhang

doi:10.1186/s12917-018-1457-5

Tao Hua, Lei Feng + Show 7 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-018-1457-5

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Abstract

BackgroundLow concentrations of nonionic surfactants can change the physical properties of cell membranes, and thus and in turn increase drug permeability. Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) is an extremely slow-growing virus, and PCV2 infection of PK-15 cells yields very low viral titers. The present study investigates the effect of various nonionic surfactants, namely, Tween-20, Tween-28, Tween-40, Tween-80, Brij-30, Brij-35, NP-40, and Triton X-100 on PCV2 infection and yield in PK-15 cells.ResultSignificantly increased PCV2 infection was observed in cells treated with Tween-20 compared to those treated with Tween-28, Tween-40, Brij-30, Brij-35, NP-40, and Triton X-100 (p < 0.01). Furthermore, 24 h incubation with 0.03% Tween-20 has shown to induce significant cellular morphologic changes (cell membrane underwent slight intumescence and bulged into a balloon, and the number of microvilli decreased), as well as to increase caspase-3 activity and to decrease cell viability in PCV2-infected PK-15 cells cmpared to control group; all these changes were restored to normal after Tween-20 has been washed out from the plate.ConclusionOur data demonstrate that Tween-20 transiently changes the surface morphology of PK-15 cells and improves PCV2 infection. The findings of the present study may be utilized in the development of a PCV2 vaccine.

Highlights

Low concentrations of nonionic surfactants can change the physical properties of cell membranes, and and in turn increase drug permeability
The relative number of Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2)-infected cells in PK-15 cells were 880 ± 128%, 140 ± 18%, 180 ± 37%, 430 ± 75%, 230 ± 45%, 469 ± 60%, 400 ± 75%, and 460 ± 67% when PK15 cells were treated with 0.03% Tween-20, 0.1% Tween-28, 0.05% Tween-40, 0.2% Tween-80, 0.0001% Brij-30, 0.0001% Brij-35, 0.01% NP-40, and 0.005% Triton X-100, respectively (Table 1). 0.03% Tween-20 treatment increased PCV2-infected PK-15 cells by up to 8.8 times compared to untreated PK-15 cells
The number of PCV2-infected cells from PK-15 cells treated with 0.03% Tween-20 was significantly higher compared to those treated with Tween-28, Tween-40, Brij-30, Brij-35, NP-40, Triton X-100, and untreated PK-15 cells (p < 0.01, Table 1 and Fig. 1)

Summary

Introduction

Low concentrations of nonionic surfactants can change the physical properties of cell membranes, and and in turn increase drug permeability. Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) is an extremely slow-growing virus, and PCV2 infection of PK-15 cells yields very low viral titers. The present study investigates the effect of various nonionic surfactants, namely, Tween-20, Tween-28, Tween-40, Tween-80, Brij-30, Brij-35, NP-40, and Triton X-100 on PCV2 infection and yield in PK-15 cells. Previous studies have shown that viral antigens, RNA transcripts, and progeny viruses all increase in a time-dependent manner during productive infection [1, 2]. Previous studies have suggested that nonionic surfactants increase drug permeability through the cell membranes, thereby improving bioavailability [12–16]. When present at low concentrations, these surfactants are incorporated into the lipid bilayer, forming polar defects that alter the physical properties of cell membranes. Nonionic surfactants promote membrane transport of various materials such as hydrocortisone and lidocaine across hairless mouse skin as mediated by Tween-80 [15], 5-flourouracil across hairless mouse skin by 6-fold using Tween-20 [16], and fluorescein in

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