Abstract
Diamondback terrapins (Malaclemys terrapin) were a popular food item in early twentieth century America, and were consumed in soup with sherry. Intense market demand for terrapin meat resulted in population declines, notably along the Atlantic seaboard. Efforts to supply terrapins to markets resulted in translocation events, as individuals were moved about to stock terrapin farms. However, in 1920 the market for turtle soup buckled with the enactment of the eighteenth amendment to the United States’ Constitution—which initiated the prohibition of alcoholic drinks—and many terrapin fisheries dumped their stocks into local waters. We used microsatellite data to show that patterns of genetic diversity along the terrapin’s coastal range are consistent with historical accounts of translocation and cultivation activities. We identified possible instances of human-mediated dispersal by estimating gene flow over historical and contemporary timescales, Bayesian model testing, and bottleneck tests. We recovered six genotypic clusters along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts with varying degrees of admixture, including increased contemporary gene flow from Texas to South Carolina, from North Carolina to Maryland, and from North Carolina to New York. In addition, Bayesian models incorporating translocation events outperformed stepping-stone models. Finally, we were unable to detect population bottlenecks, possibly due to translocation reintroducing genetic diversity into bottlenecked populations. Our data suggest that current patterns of genetic diversity in the terrapin were altered by the demand for turtle soup followed by the enactment of alcohol prohibition. In addition, our study shows that population genetic tools can elucidate metapopulation dynamics in taxa with complex genetic histories impacted by anthropogenic activities.
Highlights
Turtle soup was a popular food item in the United States during late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries
The demand for turtle soup resulted in historical population contractions and extirpations, and culminated in the construction of terrapin farms [3,4,5,6]
To get flavorful terrapins to market quickly, Texas and Carolina terrapins were hybridized at the North Carolina terrapin farm [6]
Summary
Turtle soup was a popular food item in the United States during late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Many turtle species were consumed, diamondback terrapins. Human-mediated gene flow in terrapins (Malaclemys terrapin) were considered a delicacy and were highly sought. The historical market price for terrapins demonstrates their popularity: a dozen larger terrapin sold for $70.00 USD during 1915–1920 [1], or ~$852 in 2017 USD. Recipes for turtle soup varied, but many contained sherry. In 1920 the United States ratified the Eighteenth Amendment, banning the production, sale, and transport of alcoholic beverages (Prohibition). The sherry used to make turtle soup became difficult to procure, and demand for turtle soup plummeted. Several terrapin farms purportedly dumped their stocks into local waters
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