Abstract
The purpose of this article is threefold: to identify opportunities and constraints for migrants in participating in their host society; to further explore variance in formal political participation; and to assess how different citizenship policies give rise to different types of participation and different targets for claims‐making. The article first discusses how different understandings of citizenship and implementations of citizenship policy give rise to a different set of opportunities for migrants to participate in the political sphere. This is exemplified with reference to Turkish organizations in Germany, France, and the Netherlands. The paths these states have chosen in terms of integration and citizenship policies have resulted in a different set of opportunities for Turks’ formal participation.
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