Abstract
7 <5 Three distinct approaches have been investigated for the calculation of heat, momentum, and mass transfer in rough-wall turbulent boundary layers. Emphasis is placed on the high-speed flow regime. Of particular interest is the turbulent kinetic energy model, which has been modified to incorporate a two-phase flow concept such that the formulation allows explicit consideration of the effects of roughness shape, pattern, and density. The assessment consists of comparisons between numerical results and experimental data. These preliminary results suggest the following: 1) a local roughness-induced heating reduction is possible in high-speed flow; 2) the specification of nominal roughness height alone is not sufficient to define the rough-wall geometry characteristics; and 3) a strong Mach number effect on rough-wall heat transfer and shear stress distributions may exist. More accurate and complete data are needed in the high-speed regime to verify advanced numerical models of the type considered herein, which are required to adequately predict high-speed rough-wall boundary-layer behavior.
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