Abstract
Turbulence kinetic energy production and convection were examined in detail for the turbulent flows through various square ducts. The following ducts were used: a smooth duct, a duct with one wall roughened, and a duct with two facing walls roughened. Rough walls were produced by gluing square ribs to a smooth surface repeatedly. By the examinations the turbulent shear stresses were found to play the most important role in the production of the turbulence kinetic energy. Near the rough walls the turbulent normal stresses also have strong influences on the energy production, although their contributions are either positive or negative, depending on the relative streamwise locations with respect to a rib roughness element. The amount of turbulence energy convected by secondary flow is considerably smaller than that of the energy produced. The secondary flow has little influence on the balance of turbulence kinetic energy in the tested ducts.
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