Tunisia's Success in Consolidating Its Democracy One Decade Post-the Arab Spring

Companies should chooseproper competitive tools to be successful in their environment. Beingsuccessful is closely associated with being competitive. Therefore, at the beginning of this work, ageneral look to Competitiveness is taken. In addition to this, the reasons forcompanies to compete are explained. Furthermore, the external and internalfactors related to competitiveness are listed. In further sections, the exampleof Gübretaş is assessed with internal and external competitive factors and itscompetitive tools are explained. Advices for Gübretaş to be more competitiveare also given. In this paper, the reasons for companies to compete are statedand external and internal factors affecting the competition level of companiesare explained. Combination of these external and internal factors affects levelof the competition, In other words, it affects the success of thecompanies. Therefore, the companiesshould deeply analyze these factors, so that they can choose the bestcombination of tools for competition. Being more competitive let the companiesgain more market share in their field. Being big gives advantages for companies. The reason for this is thatbig companies can have more sources than other ordinary companies. Thesecompanies use tools like price, promotion, etc to compete with ordinarycompanies. Therefore, if today’s companies want to obtain success in thecompetition, they should increase their sources as much as possible to defendthemselves against attacks by their competitors. To do this, they shoulddetermine the best practices for competition.

Inmates have a great potential to generate pressures that make them unhappy. This can lead to stress and tend to have a desire to commit suicide. To minimize this they need the ability to look for happiness in order to reduce the negative impact arising from the situation in prisons. There are two factors that affect happiness is internal and external factors. Internal factors, there are 3 (three), namely the satisfaction of the past, optimism about the future, and happiness in the present. External factors are 5 (five), namely social life, religion or religiosity, marriage, money and health. This study used qualitative techniques in analyzing the data. Data were obtained through interviews and observations. The number of research subjects are four people according to specified criteria. The results showed on the subject C supporting factors of happiness comes from internal and external factors likely to be achieved, on the subject W and D tend to be achieved on the factors supporting the happiness derived from external factors alone. On the subject of A tends not achieved the supporting factors of happiness derived from external and internal factors. The conclusion from this study is only one subject that is the subject of C which tends achieved in supporting factors of happiness derived from external and internal factors, the remaining three subjects achieved only on external happiness factors alone, or internal only. If the views of external and internal factors supporting factors of happiness, of 4 subjects only 3 subjects tend to be achieved in the happiness of external factors, while the source of happiness internal factors, of 4 subjects only one subject that tends to be achieved. Keywords : Happiness, Women Prisoners

Abstract: Democratization in Myanmar has drawn international attention, when on April 1, 2012 military junta held a free, fair general election. The success of Myanmar in holding the general election would become a new era of changes that was occurring domestically. Positive responses on the changes were shown by not only Myanmar's people but also the whole international comunities which had previously pressured the state due to various violations of human right and democracy. Basically, some democratizing efforts had begun since the government drafted a new constitution in 2008, up to the winning of Thein Sein as President in the 2010 preliminary elections. Under Thein Sein leadership, there have been much changes leading to democracy, such as the achievement of ceasefire, economic improvement, the release of political detainees, mass media freedom, general elections, and the reestablishment of parliamentary functions. The question in this paper was, “How these internal and external factors influence the occurrence of democratization in Myanmar?” In this paper, the writer drew on the theories of democratization in describing the internal and external factors that have influence on the occurrence of democratization, by the three approaches, namely, modernization, transition, and structural approaches, from David Potter. The paper results indicated that the aim of the military junta at implementing the democratization was due to some internal factors in a domestic scope, predominated by domestic actors, and some external factors in a framework of democratization waves by a reason of spreading or promoting democratic values, as well pressures and other sanctions. The entire threats have led to the decline of military junta legitimacy in political arena, and expulsion by international world. Therefore, the writer concluded that the relationship between the internal factors and external factors would determine the continuity of democratization in Myanmar. Keywords : Democratization, Internal Factors, External Factors, Military Junta, Myanmar

The article identifies and mathematically substantiates vectors of reforming the financial monitoring system based on the synergistic approach in the cross-country context by developing scenarios by selecting internal and external factors that stimulate money laundering. The key external and internal factors of the money laundering process intensification are indicated. Competitive advantages of the anti-money laundering processes, the achievement of which is possible in terms of key external and internal factors for activation of money laundering process are formed. The relationship between the key internal and external factors of money laundering intensification and competitive advantages by building a binary characteristic matrix is formed. The synergy effect made by the mutual influence of simultaneously acting internal and external factors – a quantitative feature of the further strategy of the financial monitoring system reforming in terms of cross-country analysis is calculated. An economic-mathematical model for evaluating and interpreting strategy for improving the financial monitoring system in terms of cross-country context based on integer optimization is developed. In the article, there is calculation of the number of competitive advantages received by each observed country, without considering the possible synergy effect of mutual influence of simultaneously acting internal and external factors on each other. Moreover, there is quantitative assessment of the synergy effect made by the emergence of additional competitive advantages due to a certain combination of simultaneous influence made by external and internal factors of the money laundering intensification. The “ideal” situation of the possibility of gaining all possible competitive advantages in reforming the financial monitoring system in terms of cross-country context by overcoming internal and external factors stimulating the money laundering is studied. The results of the cross-country analysis form a basis for the further formalization of the limits for quantitative evaluation of the developed strategies through a uniform distribution.

<div><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p><em>Employees are the main capital in a company or organization including hospitals. Good health services are produced by hospital employees who have great motivation in working. Motivation is influenced by basic human needs including physiological needs, a sense of belonging, a sense of security, self-actualization, and appreciation. This study aims to determine and assess external and internal factors that affect employee motivation at Materna Hospital Medan. This research is quantitative research with a cross-sectional approach. The population of all employees working at Materna Hospital Medan amounted to 137 people and all of them were sampled. Data collection techniques through questionnaire dissemination, documentation, and literature study. The analysis method uses univariate, multivariate, and bivariate analysis using multiple linear regression equations. Research findings show that internal factors in the form of recognition affect employee motivation at Materna Medan Hospital while internal factors in the form of responsibility and work itself do not influence. External factors in the form of compensation, supervisors, and relationships with colleagues affect the motivation of employees at Materna Medan Hospital while external factors in the form of working conditions do not influence. Internal and external factors that predominantly influence motivation are internal factors in the form of recognition. It is recommended to hospital management/leaders give statements of recognition to employees according to their performance, and compensate accordingly and supervisors should understand the nature and characteristics of employees who are subordinates to be able to provide appropriate motivation.</em></p><p><em><br /></em></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><strong><em>Keywords : Internal Factors, External Factors, Work Motivation, Hospital Employees</em></strong></p>

The Arab Spring in 2011 opened the way for democratization in some Arab countries, including Egypt. Egypt succeeded in overthrowing Hosni Mubarak as the president, but Egypt failed in consolidating democracy after holding a general election in 2012. The main factors of the failure in consolidating democracy in Egypt come from internal and external factors. The internal factor was that Egypt had not been ready for democracy , whereas the external factor was foreign intervention due to national interest. This article analyzes the failure of democratization in Egypt by using Jack Snyder and Georg Sorensen’s theory. In the last part of this article, the writer suggested that Egypt should have learned how to consolidate democracy from Indonesia. Indonesia is the best model of democracy for Egypt due to some reasons. The first one is Indonesia and Egypt near a culturally (religious approach), and the second one is Indonesia's success, as the majority Muslim state, in consolidating democracy since 1998.

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of external and internal factors on academic resilience. This study is more apt to examine the critical role of internal protective factors in students’ academic resilience. Child rearing attitudes or parenting style and ecological education value perception were included as external factors and academic self-efficacy and academic motivation as internal factors. Within the scope of this purpose, the Academic Resilience Scale (ARS) was adapted to Turkish, and the Ecological Education Value Perception Scale (EEVPS) was developed. The model testing with structural equation modeling indicated that internal factors play a mediating role between external factors and academic resilience. Internal protective factors of academic motivation and academic self-efficacy were found to mediate between external factors of parenting style and ecological education value and academic resilience. It was concluded that even having external protective factors for resilience, we still need internal protective factors to become academically more resilient. The current study’s results showed that the existence of intrinsic motivation and protective features can be considered a prerequisite for academic resilience. The results are discussed in light of previous studies and within the limitations of this study.

The article explores methods for assessing a company's performance and describes the impact of external and internal factors and methods for measuring them. The concept of self-management, self-management factors, and a model of the impact of self-management on company performance are described. Given the realities of today's highly competitive and constantly changing market, companies are forced to seek competitive advantages such as better quality, marketing strategy, customer service level, etc. Considering the pace of market development, an important competitive advantage can be the improvement of internal efficiency in the middle of the company and the optimization of business processes. By improving the quality of internal business processes, companies gain an advantage in terms of quality, speed of customer service, etc. The article describes the internal and external factors that affect the efficiency of the company. Internal factors include factors that arise within the company, and external factors include factors that the company has no direct influence on, but must take them into account when conducting business. During the construction of the model, both external and internal factors were taken into account. The model describes the influence of all external and internal factors. The concept of self-management, its main components and the influence of self-management on the company's performance are also described. Given the high level of digitization in modern conditions, self-management and management in general should be completed using modern means. The proposal model describes the effectiveness of the company's activities by selected divisions, the influence of external and internal factors, as well as the influence of self-management, which is implemented with the help of modern software tools. We can note that the implementation of a mobile application for self-management, which will be integrated into the general management system of the company, will help to level internal factors and reduce the influence of external factors, as well as increase the efficiency of the company's activities to improve the efficiency of internal business processes.

Both internal and environmental factors influence the trade-offs animals make between foraging and antipredator vigilance. However, few studies examine both internal and environmental factors simultaneously, preventing us from drawing inferences about their relative importance during foraging. We capitalized on a long-term study of yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) to compare the relative importance of internal state-based factors versus external environmental factors in explaining variation in marmot foraging and vigilance behavior. Results indicate that while internal factors such as baseline fecal glucocorticoid metabolites, parasite infection, and body condition influence the time allocated to both foraging and vigilance, environmental factors such as group size and habitat characteristics only explain variation in the time allocated to vigilance. Thus, our findings reveal not only the importance of considering effects of both internal and environmental factors in explaining behavioral trade-offs but also the value in evaluating the subtle ways in which factors explaining vigilance and foraging differ. Studies on foraging and vigilance typically focus either on internal or environmental factors that influence behavior. This paper makes contributions to the field by integrating both internal factors, such as parasite infection, body condition, and fecal glucocorticoid hormone levels, and external factors, such as group size and habitat characteristics, in evaluation of behavioral trade-offs. We find that foraging and vigilance are affected differently by internal and external factors. This highlights the fact that even though foraging and vigilance are closely related, they are unique behaviors and there are opportunities in understanding how the factors that influence them differ.

Relevance of the research topic. In modern conditions of society development, the restoration of balanced economic growth to improve the standard and quality of life of the population is an important strategic priority of the public financial management system. Achieving this priority involves the implementation of a set of consistent and interconnected institutional changes in the public finance system, aimed at systematically increasing the level of competitiveness of the domestic economy, reducing its dependence on external conditions. Formulation of the problem. The impact of adverse external and internal factors on the domestic public finance system has led to increasing macroeconomic imbalances, reduced domestic consumption and investment. This highlighted the issue of adapting the public financial management system to the new socio-economic conditions of the country's development. Analysis of recent research and publications. The problem of improving the quality of public finance management system is revealed in many scientific studies of domestic and foreign scientists: J. Keynes, P. Samuelson, J. Stiglitz, S. Kucherenko, L. Levaeva, L. Lysyak, I. Lukyanenko, L. Marmul, V. Makogon,V. Fedosov, I. Chugunov and others. Selection of unexplored parts of the general problem. A new wave of negative external and internal factors, in particular the COVID-19 pandemic, is exacerbating Ukraine's rapid economic recovery. Against the background of the recession, the prospects for economic growth are difficult. There is a high level of uncertainty about the stability and stability of the public finance system. In this regard, an important task is the rapid implementation of adaptive measures of the public financial management system aimed at activating new factors of economic growth. It is necessary to ensure balanced economic development by increasing the level of factor productivity, increasing the efficiency of financial and budgetary tools, improving the institutional structure of the public finance system. Problem statement, research goals. The objectives of the study are: to substantiate the role of public financial management in enhancing the country's economic growth in terms of increasing the impact of negative internal and external factors; identify the features of the public finance management system; to analyze and evaluate the operations of the general government sector of Ukraine. The aim of the study is to reveal the vectors of development of the public financial management system in modern conditions. Method or methodology of the study. To achieve the goal of the article, a set of general scientific and special methods was used: theoretical generalization and comparison; systemic; comparative analysis; scientific abstraction. Presentation of the main material (results of work). The role of the public financial management system in intensifying the pace of economic growth of the country in the conditions of increasing influence of negative internal and external factors is revealed. The peculiarities of the public finance management system are determined. The analysis and assessment of operations of the general government sector of Ukraine is carried out. The vectors of development of the public finance management system in modern conditions are revealed. Field of application of results. The results of the study can be used in the process of reforming the public financial management system. Conclusions in accordance with the article. Public finance management at a qualitatively new level in the context of increasing negative external and internal factors, in particular the COVID-19 pandemic will ensure macroeconomic stability in the country through a combination of tools of the public administration system. An effective public financial management system will create conditions for the country's economic growth.

This study is focused on analyzing the dependence of identity on internal and external factors and emphasizing the conditions of its realization. In this article, I delve into the understanding of identity formation and outline the conditions that affect the realization of identity through the consideration of existing theoretical positions in the field of identity. In this regard, the understanding of identity, the dependence of its formation and functioning on internal and external factors is specified. The scientific novelty of this study consists in clarifying the influence of external and internal factors on the construction and functioning of identity and highlighting the possibility of false definition of the subject’s identity. The complex system and dynamics of interaction include many components that can affect the realization of identity. The realization of identity includes the consistent formation of the subject’s representation of oneself and the actualization of this representation, which is related to the expectations and requirements of the social space and the real regularities of the subject’s existence in the world. Topical theoretical positions on the formation and functioning of identity touch upon the problem of the impact of internal (personal) and external (social) factors. The internal factors of identity construction and realization include genetic and neurobiological features, values, motivational sphere, needs, moral responsibility, experience, skills and abilities, internal structure and dynamics of the psyche, and meaning. External factors include culture, social environment, education, social institutions, political movements, macro-social processes, and social relations. Globalization and virtualization put an additional burden on the preservation of identity. This article identifies the conditions of identity realization: possession of certain qualities and characteristics; reading of these qualities with minimization of distortions; inclusion in social relations and acceptance of the impact of external factors; actualization of identity in action; acceptance of identity by “others”. From violations of the conditions of formation of identity can be formed a corresponding type of unrealized identity: untenable, substituted, latent, residual, confrontational, false-recognized. The basis for the fulfillment of the conditions of identity realization is the absence of conflict between internal and external factors that determine the subject’s identity.

The contentious and growing sustainability concerns within the UAE's oil and gas industries have highlighted the necessity of systematically examining the internal and external organisational factors that influence sustainable procurement (SP) in the industry. This study investigates the internal and external factors most influencing SP in the UAE's oil and gas industry. Utilising questionnaires, the researcher obtained data from 100 procurement professionals working in three oil and gas companies operating in the UAE. The research framework, developed through an extensive literature review, was analysed and tested using structural equation modelling (SEM). The results reveal that both internal and external factors have a positive and statistically significant impact on sustainable procurement, although internal factors have a relatively greater effect. This study found that leadership in change management, internal management structure, management strategy, and infrastructure cost management, are the most influential internal factors affecting SP, whilst social and economic factors are the most influential external factors. An emphasis on these internal and external factors can help oil and gas companies operating in the UAE greatly improve their level of SP performance.

PurposeThe main purpose of this study is to propose an Islamic model of human behavioral analysis that can explain the determinants such as Islamic moral values, internal factors (e.g. self-efficacy or reasons for and against), external factors (e.g. perceived social support or others from external sources) and empathy (EMP) (humane attitude) to predict niyyah (worshipful intention) toward actual behavior (a’mal) in question.Design/methodology/approachWith this end in mind, this research uses the theory of Islamic entrepreneurship and behavioral reasoning theory as their theoretical foundations. To validate the model, the study uses empirical data on investors’ intention toward sukuk (Islamic bonds or Shari’ah-compliant bonds) purchase in the context of Bangladesh, where very recently the sukuk were introduced by the Central Bank.FindingsFindings of the study indicate that Islamic values and internal factors have the highest effects on external factors and EMP, respectively. Internal factors and Islamic values have moderate and almost similar impacts on EMP. Besides, external factors and EMP have somewhat equally moderate effects on niyyah. Islamic moral values and internal factors have the least influence on internal factors and niyyah, respectively. The external factor is also found to be insignificant to influence EMP. The findings also indicate that EMP, internal control factors and external control factors have mediating effects on niyyah toward sukuk purchase.Research limitations/implicationsThese results imply that the present research model successfully predicts and explains the determinants of Islamic worshipful intention toward the actual purchase of sukuk.Practical implicationsSukuk has been an important Islamic financial instrument that has been growing much rapidly in recent times. So, this paper will help to comprehend that pattern empirically.Social implicationsIslamic finance has emerged as a dominant financial tool nowadays. This paper contributes to advance that initiative one step further in terms of social and economic development.Originality/valueThis is a conceptual paper written in the area of Islamic Finance. This model has been validated by collating primary data collected from the selected respondents residing in Bangladesh.

Entrepreneurial activities are the power source of promoting a country’s economic development and social progress. Entrepreneurial intention can well predict entrepreneurial activities. Based on the framework of integration analysis, this paper explores the external and internal factors that affect individual entrepreneurial intention. The binary logistic regression method was used to analyze 121,613 valid data samples from 48 countries in the 2018 Adult Population Survey (APS). The results show that entrepreneurial opportunity, entrepreneurial network, entrepreneurial ability, entrepreneurial attitude, and other internal and external factors have significant positive effects on individual entrepreneurial intention. At the same time, the interaction of internal and external factors has a significant positive effect on individual entrepreneurial intention. The interaction of internal and external factors also has significant positive impact on individual entrepreneurial intention. Individual willingness to start a business is influenced by multiple factors such as entrepreneurial network, entrepreneurial opportunity, entrepreneurial ability, and entrepreneurial attitude. It is a comprehensive balance of an individual’s possible risks, benefits, and abilities to start a business, and a comprehensive result of wanting to do something (external opportunities and network relations), ability (knowledge and skills), and daring to do something (risk attitude).

There has been much discussion on the issue of whether financial crisis are caused by external factors or internal factors. This research has attempted to demonstrate what were the real reasons whether internal or external factors, behind the Turkish financial crisis in 2001. The crucial question that demands an answer is ‘which one of them overwhelmingly triggered the crisis. It was argued that before the crisis occurred, the Turkey economy had been affected by some unfavourable external shocks such as, rise in crude oil prices which increased the current account deficit; however, it can be seriously solved by employing correct finance technique that using long-term capital and direct investment instead of short-term capital. Therefore, external factors effects on the economy can be eliminated by right monetary policy, which means they were not the key factors. On the other hand, there were many internal factors behind the crisis such as fragile finance and banking system, ruling out dis-inflation negative effects and seasonal factors and so on. It could be advocated that these factors led the Turkish economy into uncertain situation and they had central part in the crisis because, when the last global financial crisis was occurred in 2008, although all unexpected external factors were soared, the Turkish economy was less affected, because the Turkish economy has been become more durable by solving the internal triggering factors.