Abstract
Crystallization is one of the most important methods in the crystal habit control of explosive products. For this study, the antisolvent crystallization experiments were carried out to tune the crystal habits of 2,6-dimaino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxid (LLM-105). Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) was used as an organic solvent. Water, methanol, acetic acid, nitromethane, acetone, ethanol, methylene chloride, o-dichlorobenzene, and toluene were selected as antisolvents. The X-shaped, spherical cluster-like, rod-like, needle-like, and dendritic crystals were successfully produced by varying the kind of the antisolvent. These results manifested that the polarity and functional groups of antisolvent molecules played important roles in the crystal habits of LLM-105 explosive. The powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) measurements indicated that these antisolvents just tuned the crystal habit of LLM-105 but did not change the crystal structure. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TG) results of the obtained crystals showed that the crystal habits significantly affected the thermal properties. This study can contribute to the investigation of the mechanism of antisolvent-induced crystal habit modification and screen out the efficient antisolvents.
Highlights
Crystallization is a widely used technology in the petrochemical, chemical, food, pharmaceutical, and explosive industries [1,2]
The crystal structure of LLM-105 was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and 357.2 ◦ C, respectively
The crystal habit control of LLM-105 has been studied by the antisolvent crystallization method using Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) as the organic solvent
Summary
Crystallization is a widely used technology in the petrochemical, chemical, food, pharmaceutical, and explosive industries [1,2]. As one of the most important crystal qualities, crystal habit (the characteristic external shape of a crystal) has a considerable impact on the physicochemical properties such as dissolution rate, bioavailability, solubility, and compressibility of crystal products, and significantly affects the downstream operations such as filtration, drying, and milling [4,5,6]. In the development of high-quality explosives, it is worth exploring their crystallization strategies to obtain a proper crystal habit. In recent years, advanced strategies have been employed to modify the crystal habits by adding tailor-made additives such as surfactants, structurally related compounds, and polymers [14,15,16,17,18,19].
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