Abstract
Currently available proanthocyanidins extraction methods rely on dedicated crops and have low specificity and yield which limits their industrial application. Consequently, the development of novel methodologies and the use of sustainable sources is of great importance. Eutectic solvents have been proposed has good alternatives for conventional solvents due to their low price, easiness of preparation, biocompatibility and ability of being custom made to a specific application. Herein the effective extraction of proanthocyanidins from grape pomace and the possibility of tuning the extract’s characteristics such as mean degree of polymerization and galloylation percentage is explored by means of varying the composition of a quaternary eutectic solvent composed by choline chloride, glycerol, ethanol and water. It was found that mean degree of polymerization values can vary from 6.0 to 7.37 and galloylation percentage can vary from 32.5% to 47.1% while maintaining extraction yield above 72.2 mg of proanthocyanidins per g of biomass. Furthermore, the increase of temperature up to 100 °C has showed a significant effect on the extraction yield being possible to increase it by 238% when compared to the conventional extraction method.
Highlights
Proanthocyanidins (PACs), known as condensed tannins, are secondary metabolites ubiquitous to all plant kingdom [1]
If other aspects of the final extract are prioritized, namely mDP (Figure 4B) and %Gal (Figure 4C), with this system, it is possible to achieve, with this system, values that can go as high as 7.37 and 47.1%, respectively, while maintaining a YPAC of 72.2 mgPAC/gBM. This can be achieved with xGlyc, xwater and xEtOH values of 0.68, 0.05 and 0.27, respectively, which represents an increase of 19.5% in YPAC when compared with the conventional extraction process, HSE
eutectic solvents (ESs) have recently increased their popularity in biomass processing and the work here presented further demonstrates the potential that this type of solvents has on the improvement of conventional methodologies
Summary
Proanthocyanidins (PACs), known as condensed tannins, are secondary metabolites ubiquitous to all plant kingdom [1]. The mechanism by which PACs are able to achieve these functions come from their complexation ability of metal ions in the former case [6] and protein aggregation [7] and enzyme inhibition [8] in the latter. PACs have been reported for their beneficial properties for human health, in the inhibition of enzymes related to high blood pressure [15] and carbohydrate metabolism [16,17,18], as well as anti-cancer [19,20] and anti-inflammatory activities [21]
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