Tuning electron delocalization and surface area in COFs derived N, B co-doped carbon materials for efficient selective hydrogenation of nitroarenes

Abstract

Metal-free carbon catalysts with excellent conduction performance have drawn much research attention in reduction reactions. Herein, a N, B co-doped carbon catalyst with high pyrrolic N proportion (35.75%) and excellent surface area (1409 m2/g) was successfully prepared via carbonizing covalent organic framework materials (COFs) containing N and B atoms assisted by ZnCl2 molten salt. The presence of ZnCl2 maintains the micropore structure of COFs to provide high specific surface areas and abundant lattice defects for carbon materials. In addition, electron-withdrawing B heteroatom further facilitates the formation of pyrrolic N at defect sites by modifying the electronic structure of carbon network. The tuning of surface areas and active N species in carbon catalysts successfully improve the selective hydrogenation of nitrobenzene to aniline. The optimized carbon material exhibits excellent nitrobenzene conversion (99.9%) and aniline selectivity (>99%) within 15 min, as well as excellent substrate suitability. This work provides a certain guiding for the design and application of metal-free catalysis.