Abstract
This study experimentally investigates the field-dependent Young’s moduli of soft composites, which are fabricated from two different magnetic-responsive materials; magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) and magnetorheological fluid (MRF). Four factors are selected as the main factors affecting Young’s modulus of soft composites: the amount of MRF, the channel pattern, shore hardness and carbonyl iron particle (CIP) concentration of the MRE layer. Five specimens are manufactured to meet the investigation of four factors. Prior to testing, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image is taken to check the uniform dispersion of the carbonyl iron particle (CIP) concentration of the MRE layer, and a magnetic circuit is constructed to generate the effective magnetic field to the specimen fixed at the universal tensile test machine. The force–displacement curve is directly measured from the machine and converted to the stress–strain relationship. Thereafter, the Young’s modulus is determined from this curve by performing linear regression analysis with respect to the considered factors. The tunability of the Young’s moduli of the specimens is calculated based on the experimental results in terms of two performance indicators: the relative percentage difference of Young’s modulus according to the magnetic field, and the normalized index independent of the zero-field modulus. In the case of the relative percentage difference, the specimens without MRF are the smallest, and the ones with the highest CIP concentration are the largest. As a result of comparing the normalized index of each factor, the change in shore hardness and channel pattern have little effect on the tunability of Young’s moduli, and the amount of MRF injected and CIP concentration of MRE have a large effect. The results of this study are expected to provide basic guidelines for fabricating soft composites whose field-dependent Young’s moduli can be tuned by several factors with different effects.
Highlights
It is well known that smart fluids, such as electrorheological fluids (ERFs) and magnetorheological fluids (MRFs), are highly effective for various applications, including automotive damper and vibration control of flexible structures
As the number of carbonyl iron particle (CIP) per volume increases due to the injection of MRF, the distance between particles becomes small, and the CIP included in MRF has a relatively higher degree of freedom than the CIP included in magnetorheological elastomer (MRE)
To identify the most significant factors that could affect field, the interaction energy between particles is proportional to the dipole moment and inversely the change in to equivalent Young’s modulus (EYM), several soft of composite samples were fabricated in consideration of several proportional the permeability the medium and the distance between neighboring particles
Summary
It is well known that smart fluids, such as electrorheological fluids (ERFs) and magnetorheological fluids (MRFs), are highly effective for various applications, including automotive damper and vibration control of flexible structures. Unlike an MRF, an MRE is a solid in which the field-dependent iron particles are restricted in the matrix Because of this restriction, many studies have been conducted to increase the tunability of the Young’s moduli of the MRE. Four factors are selected as the main factors affecting the tunability of the Young’s moduli of soft composites: the amount of MRF, the channel pattern, shore hardness and carbonyl iron particle (CIP). The change in EYM, according to the magnetic field of each specimen, was evaluated using utilized in this paper instead of Young’s modulus.
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