Abstract
Plenty of immune cells infiltrate into the tumor microenvironment (TME) during tumor progression, in which myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) represent a heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells with immunosuppressive activity. Tumor cells and stromal cells facilitate the activation and expansion of MDSCs in TME via intercellular communication, and expanded MDSCs suppress anti-tumor immune responses through direct and indirect mechanisms. Currently, exosomes, which are a kind of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that can convey functional components, are demonstrated to participate in the local and distal intercellular communication between cells. Numerous studies have supposed that tumor-derived exosomes (TEXs), whose assembly and release can be modulated by TME, are capable of modulating the cell biology of MDSCs, including facilitating their activation, promoting the expansion, and enhancing the immunosuppressive function. Therefore, in this review, we mainly focus on the role of TEXs in the cell-cell communication between tumor cells and MDSCs, and discuss their clinical applications.
Highlights
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles (EVs) with a double membrane structure that can be released by almost all cells and transport functional components into recipient cells [1]
Exosomes released by tumor cells and stromal cells contribute to the initiation and migration of cancer
Structures, including vascular vessels, immune infiltrates especially myeloidderived suppressor cells (MDSCs), fibroblasts, and extracellular matrix (ECM), constitute the tumor microenvironment (TME) which is necessary for cancer progression [7]
Summary
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