Abstract
The performance of hyperspectral imaging (HSI) for tumor detection is investigated in ex-vivo specimens from the thyroid (N = 200) and salivary glands (N = 16) from 82 patients. Tissues were imaged with HSI in broadband reflectance and autofluorescence modes. For comparison, the tissues were imaged with two fluorescent dyes. Additionally, HSI was used to synthesize three-band RGB multiplex images to represent the human-eye response and Gaussian RGBs, which are referred to as HSI-synthesized RGB images. Using histological ground truths, deep learning algorithms were developed for tumor detection. For the classification of thyroid tumors, HSI-synthesized RGB images achieved the best performance with an AUC score of 0.90. In salivary glands, HSI had the best performance with 0.92 AUC score. This study demonstrates that HSI could aid surgeons and pathologists in detecting tumors of the thyroid and salivary glands.
Highlights
Thyroid cancer incidence has significantly increased worldwide from 1970 to 2012, despite the fact that mortality from thyroid cancer has decreased [1]
Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinomas were classified with the highest area under the curve (AUC) score from hyperspectral imaging (HSI)-synthesized human-eye RGB multiplex imaging, but not significantly (p > 0.05)
Several convolutional neural network (CNN) were developed for tumor detection that perform with median AUC scores of 0.90 and higher for all imaging modalities in combined thyroid tumors
Summary
Thyroid cancer incidence has significantly increased worldwide from 1970 to 2012, despite the fact that mortality from thyroid cancer has decreased [1]. The most common malignant tumor of the thyroid is papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), comprising 70% of thyroid cancers, and there are several variants of PTC, including conventional, follicular, tall-cell, and oncocytic [3]. The initial diagnosis of thyroid tumors is with fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy and histological evaluation of the specimen [3]. Follicular tumors are another cytological type of thyroid neoplasms, which include follicular adenoma, a benign tumor, and follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC), the malignant form. The requisite diagnostic criterion for follicular carcinoma versus adenoma is definitive invasiveness; no cytological features can provide the diagnosis of FTC, so FNA is useless is making the distinction [4]. Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare form of thyroid cancer, comprising only 4% of thyroid cancers, that occurs sporadically in most cases, but can be associated with a familial germline mutation [5]
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