Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is aphakomatosis and is atumor predisposition syndrome. As agenetic multisystem disease, patients present with a broad range of changes in the brain, heart, skin, kidneys, and lungs. Which imaging modalities are required to monitor TSC patients according to current international recommendations? Common findings in TSC are cortical tubers, subependymal nodules, and giant cell astrocytomas in the central nervous system (CNS), rhabdomyomas in the heart, and cysts and angiomyolipomas in the kidneys. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and kidneys and abdominal ultrasound are the imaging modalities of choice, due to the very good soft tissue contrast and lack of X‑ray radiation. Using standard and functional MRI sequences in a multimodal approach, the type, malignancy, size, and morphology of changes in TSC can be reliably determined. Abdominal ultrasound using high-resolution transducers can be used to rapidly and reliably detect even the smallest changes in the kidneys. Regular follow-up of patients with TSC using MRI and ultrasound is necessary for early detection of complications, for planning individualized therapy, and for optimal lifelong care.
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