Tuberculosis Transmission from Patients with Smear‐Negative Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Sub‐Saharan Africa

Abstract

SIR-We read with interest the report by Tostmann et al. of a national study of tuberculosis (TB) transmission in The Netherlands between 1996 and 2004 [1]. The relative TB transmission rate among patients with smear-negative, culture-positive pulmonary disease compared with patients with smear-positive disease was found to be 0.24. Overall, 13% of tuberculosis (TB) transmission events were attributable to source patients with sputum smear-negative, culture-positive disease. These important findings are in close agreement with similar studies from San Francisco, USA, and Vancouver, Canada [2,3], collectively showing that at in high-income countries 10–20% of TB transmission a population level is due to source cases with smear-negative pulmonary TB. The authors speculated on the relevance of these data for countries where HIV is endemic and rates of smear-negative disease are high. In sub-Saharan Africa HIV infection has had a devastating impact on TB control [4,5]. In a study community in a township in Cape Town, South Africa, for example, the antenatal HIV seroprevalence rate is approximately 30% and the annual TB notification rate has increased to over 1,500/100,000 [5] – almost 200-fold higher than TB rates in The Netherlands [4]. This has been associated with a major and disproportionate increase in the rate of smear-negative disease among HIV-infected individuals [5]. Moreover, the prevalence of undiagnosed TB (a key determinant of transmission) among HIV-infected patients in this community is very high and disease duration prior to diagnosis is prolonged [6]. In view of these observations, transmission attributable to smear-negative pulmonary TB cases at the community level may be important. Antiretroviral treatment (ART) services continue to expand in sub-Saharan Africa [7]. The high burden of TB in these clinical settings presents a great challenge with regard to morbidity, mortality and TB transmission risk [8,9]. Nosocomial outbreaks of both drug sensitive and drug resistant TB constitute a major threat [10]. In a recent study in an ART service in Gugulethu township, Cape Town, we did routine microbiological screening for TB in all newly referred ART-naive patients who did not already have a diagnosis of TB. Using automated MGIT 960 liquid culture (Becton Dickinson, Sparks, MD) of sputum, we found that over one quarter of patients had culture-confirmed pulmonary TB [11]. In this highly immunocompromised patient group, however, more than 80% of this disease was sputum smear-negative despite use of fluorescence microscopy; culture-based diagnosis took over 3 weeks on average. Recurrent attendance of patients at these overcrowded facilities over a period of several weeks while their TB remains undiagnosed represents an unacceptable hazard. These data have important implications for screening for TB among patients entering HIV care and treatment services in Africa. Rapid and appropriate diagnostic tests that are able to detect smear-negative pulmonary TB are urgently needed to reduce risks of transmission in these clinical environments. In summary, we suspect that TB transmission associated with smear-negative culture-positive TB in communities in Africa with high HIV prevalence may important and especially in the context of ART services where this is the preponderant form of TB.