Tubercular Sinonasal Mass

Abstract

Background: Epistaxis is common in children. Almost 60% experience at least one episode by 10 years of age. Most are benign and self-resolving. Episodes that are severe, frequent, take longer to resolve, or unilateral should be investigated. Although extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is common in children, presentation as a sinonasal mass is rare. Clinical Description: A 4-year-old girl presented with a history of recurrent, left-sided epistaxis for 2 months, with diffuse ipsilateral facial swelling for 2 weeks. There was a history of preceding oral swelling and weight loss. Nasal endoscopy revealed a friable left nasal mass. Imaging delineated an infiltrative, highly cellular lesion in the left maxillary sinus, infiltrating surrounding bone and extending into the left nasal cavity, jaw, and orbital floor. Management: Endoscopic biopsy was suggestive of noncaseating granulomatous lesion. Langerhans cell histiocytosis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis and microscopic polyangiitis, and malignancy were ruled out. Nucleic acid amplification tests and culture established microbiological diagnosis of primary sinonasal TB. Initiation of antitubercular therapy led to complete recovery. Conclusion: The diagnosis of sinonasal TB is challenging and requires multidisciplinary collaboration. Its rarity and nonspecific presentation requires a high index of suspicion by the treating team. Clinical, histopathological, and microbiological criteria should be used to establish a diagnosis. Primary sinonasal TB is a rare entity in young immunocompetent children.