Abstract

Anisotropic behavior is a key characteristic for understanding eccentricity in tubes. In this paper, the effect of using a tilted die during tube drawing on eccentricity, texture, dislocation density, and mechanical properties is shown. Copper tubes were drawn with a ±5° tilted die for two passes. The increase or decrease in eccentricity can be controlled by controlling the angle of the tilted die. Two types of textures have been developed during tube drawing, namely plane strain and uniaxial types. Plain strain type texture is mainly characterized by the β fiber with a dominant copper component {112}<111>. The uniaxial deformation type is dominated by the <111> fiber, as commonly found by wire drawing. Texture sharpness increases with increasing drawing strain, and the texture varies significantly between the maximum and minimum wall thickness. This texture variation between maximum and minimum wall thickness has no significant influence on mechanical properties, which are more or less similar, but the increase in strength after each drawing pass is apparent. The dislocation density is low for the as-received tubes due to recovery and recrystallization. This is consistent with the as-received texture dominated by the cube component {001}<100>. During tube drawing, dislocation density increases as a function of the deformation strain. The variation of dislocation density between the maximum and minimum wall thickness in the tube deformed with −5° tilted die is higher than the variation in the tube deformed with +5° tilted die.

Highlights

  • By examining the wall thickness of the Cu tube optically (Figure 8), it can be seen8 of 18 very clearly that eccentricity decreases in tubes drawn with −5° and increases in tubes drawn with +5° [21,29]

  • The results show show an increase in theinmagnitude of the the dislocation density in the drawing direction for

  • It was possible to increase the eccentricity from 5.9% to 10.2% in two steps and to decrease it

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Summary

Introduction

Tube drawing is used to fabricate tubes by reducing their diameter and—if used with an inner tool—wall thickness. In the case of seamless tubes, the pre-form is a billet to be pierced or extruded to obtain the pre-tube, which is often processed downstream by cold drawing to reach its final dimensions and properties [1,2]. In spite of careful alignment of the centerline of the container, the tube and the mandrel during tube manufacturing, it is almost impossible to avoid eccentricity. Because of the vibration of the mandrel, tolerance in positioning the die and the billet and possible temperature inhomogeneities in the billet, Metals 2021, 11, 638 in positioning the die and the billet and possible temperature inhomogeneities in the billet, this step inherently results in a variation of the wall thickness (eccentricity) [3,4].

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