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Abstract
The aim of this brief narrative commentary is to discuss some aspects involved in depression. It is increasingly evident that the phenomenon of mood disorders, despite its unequivocal genetic origin, slips into a multifactorial set of biochemical and molecular events that involve the whole organism. A vast literature has provided evidence that recognizes changes in serotonergic neurotransmission in the pathophysiology of depression. In addition, an increased arachidonic acid/omega-3 fatty acid ratio, which confers to mammalian cell membranes their fluidity, is associated with the depressive state. The combination of the excessive expression of kinurenine and the increased fluidity of the membrane has never been considered in the meaning of a simultaneous effect in the determinism of the depressive condition. Furthermore, various evidence supports the relationship between intestinal microbiota and depression and confirms alterations in the microbiota in depressive pathology.
Highlights
A paper published in The Lancet in 1969 about tryptophan stated, “Psychic depression may result from deficiency of brain serotonin
Stress and inflammation, as well as proinflammatory cytokines, can induce the activation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), and higher levels of kynurenine have been linked with a depressive condition [4,5] (Figure 1)
The combination of the excessive expression of kinurenine and the increased fluidity of the membrane has never been considered in the meaning of a simultaneous effect in the determinism of depressive conditions, such as major depression (MD) and bipolar disorder (BD), and in stress
Summary
A paper published in The Lancet in 1969 about tryptophan stated, “Psychic depression may result from deficiency of brain serotonin. Stress and inflammation, as well as proinflammatory cytokines, can induce the activation of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) (an enzyme involved in the catabolism of tryptophan to kynurenine), and higher levels of kynurenine have been linked with a depressive condition [4,5] (Figure 1).
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