Trough geometry was a greater influence than climate-ocean forcing in regulating retreat of the marine-based Irish-Sea Ice Stream

David Small,James D Scourse,Stephen Mccarron,Chris D Clark,Matthew J Burke,Delia M Gheorghiu,Derek Fabel,Colm Ó Cofaigh,Geoff A.T Duller,Geoff S.P Thomas,Rachel K Smedley,David J.A Evans,Richard C Chiverrell,Sheng Xu

doi:10.1130/b31852.1

Abstract

Marine terminating ice streams are a major component of contemporary ice sheets and are likely to have a fundamental influence on their future evolution and concomitant contribution to sea-level rise. To accurately predict this evolution requires that modern day observations can be placed into a longer-term context and that numerical ice sheet models used for making predictions are validated against known evolution of former ice masses. New geochronological data document a stepped retreat of the paleo−Irish Sea Ice Stream from its Last Glacial Maximum limits, constraining changes in the time-averaged retreat rates between well-defined ice marginal positions. The timing and pace of this retreat is compatible with the sediment-landform record and suggests that ice marginal retreat was primarily conditioned by trough geometry and that its pacing was independent of ocean-climate forcing. We present and integrate new luminescence and cosmogenic exposure ages in a spatial Bayesian sequence model for a north-south (173km) transect of the largest marine-terminating ice stream draining the last British−Irish Ice Sheet. From the south and east coasts of Ireland, initial rates of ice margin retreat were as high as 300−600 m a−1, but retreat slowed to 26 m a−1 as the ice stream became topographically constricted within St George’s Channel, a sea channel between Ireland to the west and Great Britain to the east, and then stabilized (retreating at only 3 m a−1) at the narrowest point of the trough during the climatic warming of Greenland Interstadial 2 (GI-2: 23.3−22.9 ka). Later retreat across a normal bed-slope during the cooler conditions of Greenland Stadial 2 was unexpectedly rapid (152 m a−1). We demonstrate that trough geometry had a profound influence on ice margin retreat and suggest that the final rapid retreat was conditioned by ice sheet drawdown (dynamic thinning) during stabilization at the trough constriction, which was exacerbated by increased calving due to warmer ocean waters during GI-2.

Highlights

A significant proportion of ice sheet mass balance is regulated by faster flowing corridors of ice, which drain accumulation areas and are often marine-terminating (Stokes and Clark, 2001; Bennett, 2003; Stokes et al, 2016)
We demonstrate that trough geometry had a profound influence on ice margin retreat and suggest that the final rapid retreat was conditioned by ice sheet drawdown during stabilization at the trough constriction, which was exacerbated by increased calving due to warmer ocean waters during Greenland Interstadial 2 (GI-2)
Such behavior may be explained as a dynamic instability in response to overextension of the ice stream to the maximum limit that rendered it vulnerable to rapid retreat

Summary

Introduction

A significant proportion of ice sheet mass balance is regulated by faster flowing corridors of ice (ice streams), which drain accumulation areas and are often marine-terminating (Stokes and Clark, 2001; Bennett, 2003; Stokes et al, 2016). While climate forcing exerts a fundamental control on the retreat of ice masses, internal factors such as phases of over-extension (i.e., an advance due to a dynamic instability rather than toward an equilibrium position), the bed-slope and trough geometry are important regulators of ice stream behavior (Jamieson et al, 2012; Joughin et al, 2014; Mosola and Anderson, 2006). Constraining the evolution of former ice streams provides important empirical evidence for testing process understanding of modern-day ice masses and evaluating numerical ice sheet models (Stokes et al, 2015)

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