Abstract
Knowledge of the location and extent of surface water and inundated vegetation is vital for a range of applications including flood risk management, biodiversity monitoring, quantifying greenhouse gas emissions, and mapping water-borne disease risk. Here, we present a new tool, TropWet, which enables users of all abilities to map wetlands in herbaceous dominated regions based on simple unmixing of optical Landsat satellite imagery in the Google Earth Engine. The results demonstrate transferability throughout the African continent with a high degree of accuracy (mean 91% accuracy, st. dev 2.6%, n = 10,800). TropWet demonstrated considerable improvements over existing globally available surface water datasets for mapping the extent of important wetlands like the Okavango, Botswana. TropWet was able to provide frequency inundation maps as an indicator of malarial mosquito aquatic habitat extent and persistence in Barotseland, Zambia. TropWet was able to map flood extent comparable to operational flood risk mapping products in the Zambezi Region, Namibia. Finally, TropWet was able to quantify the effects of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events on the extent of photosynthetic vegetation and wetland extent across Southern Africa. These examples demonstrate the potential for TropWet to provide policy makers with crucial information to help make national, regional, or continental scale decisions regarding wetland conservation, flood/disease hazard mapping, or mitigation against the impacts of ENSO.
Highlights
IntroductionMonitoring the extent and dynamics of tropical wetlands is important for a range of application areas including, but not limited to, mapping flood water hazard [1,2,3,4,5,6,7], water-borne disease risk [8,9], monitoring wetland ecosystems habitats [10,11,12,13,14], and quantifying wetland-related greenhouse gas emissions [15,16,17,18]
Assessments of wetland extent and dynamics using these approaches tend to be generated at relatively coarse spatial resolutions (e.g., 25–36 km) and have limited applicability for informing decisions at a national or sub-national level, related to more fine-scale environmental challenges such as those related to biodiversity, public health, and flood hazard
Thematic classifications of water, bare sand, flooded emergent vegetation, and vegetation using the unmixing approach were shown to be highly accurate (Table 6: mean overall accuracy 91%, st. dev. 2.6%, n = 10,800) across the four validation sites at different times of the hydrological year. This consistency shows that Tropical Wetland mapping tool (TropWet) can provide accurate assessments of wetland coverage for a range of herbaceous regions across sub-Saharan Africa
Summary
Monitoring the extent and dynamics of tropical wetlands is important for a range of application areas including, but not limited to, mapping flood water hazard [1,2,3,4,5,6,7], water-borne disease risk [8,9], monitoring wetland ecosystems habitats [10,11,12,13,14], and quantifying wetland-related greenhouse gas emissions [15,16,17,18]. There is growing evidence that information from global navigation systems (GNSS-R: Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry) can provide timely and reliable classifications of wetlands by exploiting signals over both open water and vegetated water surfaces [21,22,23,24]. These approaches provide valuable tools for quantifying wetland dynamics at continental scales with important applications such as characterising greenhouse gas flux [17,18,24,25]. Assessments of wetland extent and dynamics using these approaches tend to be generated at relatively coarse spatial resolutions (e.g., 25–36 km) and have limited applicability for informing decisions at a national or sub-national level, related to more fine-scale environmental challenges such as those related to biodiversity, public health, and flood hazard
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