Abstract
The Walker Circulation (WC) comprises east–west atmospheric east-west overturning circulation cells along the equatorial belt. The most dominant component is the Pacific branch of the WC (PWC), which consists of near-surface easterly (trade) winds at the lower troposphere, westerly winds at the upper troposphere across the entire equatorial Pacific, coupled to rising motion over the western Pacific and subsidence over the eastern Pacific. The PWC is an integral component of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) climate system, driven mainly by east-west sea-surface temperature gradient across the equatorial Pacific, with pronounced variability on intraseasonal, seasonal, interannual to interdecadal timescales. Changes in the WC can affect variability of weather and climate on diverse spatio-temporal scales over different regions of the globe. The WC and its impacts on extreme weather and climate are likely via change in its global teleconnection patterns strongly affected by global warming.
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