Abstract
The Madden–Julian Oscillation's (MJO's) ‘skeleton’ is its fundamental features on intraseasonal/planetary scales: (1) slow eastward phase speed of roughly 5 m s−1, (2) peculiar dispersion relation with dω/dk ≈ 0, and (3) horizontal quadrupole vortex structure. The MJO skeleton model is a minimal, nonlinear oscillator model that captures these three features together. The fundamental mechanism involves interactions between moisture, convective activity, and equatorial fluid dynamics. Further details beyond the MJO skeleton are referred to as the MJO's ‘muscle’ and include refined vertical structure and upscale convective momentum transport from subplanetary-scale convection and waves.
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